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Hello everyone, my name is Alexey. This is an
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intensive training center. Today we're going over
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the structure of the atom. It's clear and understandable, no fluff. Let's
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go. We don't think about it,
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but all the objects that
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surround us are made up of tiny
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particles called atoms.
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Today we'll look at the structure of the atom. An atom
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consists of a nucleus and an electron shell. The
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nucleus consists of particles called protons,
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which have a positive charge, and neutrons, which have a zero
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charge, while electrons,
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which have a negative charge, revolve
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The number of protons, electrons, and
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neutrons in different atoms varies, and you
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need to be able to determine their number.
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Let's practice doing this using a
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carbon atom as an example. To determine
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the number of protons, electrons, and
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neutrons, we need to know the atomic
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carbon, which is 6, and the mass
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number, which is 12. The number of protons and electrons is
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always equal to the atomic
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number. If carbon has an atomic number of
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six, then carbon will have six protons
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and six electrons, and the number of neutrons
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is determined as follows: we
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number twelve from the mass number. Minus 6 is 6, which means
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carbon will also have 6 neutrons, and
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if everything is clear with protons and neutrons,
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they are in the nucleus, then
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you need to be able to arrange the electrons around the nucleus
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energy levels, these are like pockets into
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which carbon shove its
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electrons, and carbon will have two such
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energy levels, and you will say,
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why two, how do we determine this?
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Determined by the periodic table,
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carbon is in the second period, this
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means that it will have only two
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energy levels. At the first
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can always be a maximum of
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only 2 electrons, and if we said that
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carbon has only 6 electrons and at the
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first energy level there are
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two electrons, then at the second
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energy level there will be 4
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electrons, because in total there are 4 at the second,
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barely at the first, this will be exactly 6
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electrons, and you also need to be able to
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display this on paper, and this is called an
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electron diagram, it is made as
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follows: you write carbon, then put a
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circle, this means the nucleus of the atom, and put
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here a charge of plus 6, thus you
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show that carbon 6 protons
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then put two such showers these are the
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energy levels of carbon there are 2 1 2
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on the first level 2 electronics and on the
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second level 4 electrons with carbon
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let's look at another example sulfur atom sulfur
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has an atomic number 16 and a
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we start as usual with the nucleus and determine
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the number of protons and electrons and
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neutrons the number of
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protons and electrons will be
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equal to the atomic number
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therefore if the atomic number of
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sulfur is 16 then the number of protons is 16 the number of
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electrons will also be 16 but
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we determine the number of neutrons as
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follows from the mass number we
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subtract the atomic number 32 -16 is 16
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so sulfur will have 16 protons 16
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electrons 16 neutrons
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now we need to distribute the electrons into
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layers around sulfur and it must be said that
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sulfur will have three energy levels
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why because sulfur is in the
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third period means sulfur will have three
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energy levels at the first
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energy level we said with you is
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always located A maximum of two electrons
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at the second energy level of sulfur
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will be in 8 electrons and you
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at the second level there are a maximum of 8
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electrons and if we count how many
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electrons we have already filled, their
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number will be 10 and if sulfur has only
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16 electrons and we have already drawn 10, then it will be
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logical to assume that at the
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third energy level there
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will be a total of 6 electrons left, that is,
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in total you should have 16 yourself, you
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can still check if you did everything correctly
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in the periodic table
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there are more groups and sulfur is in the
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sixth group and the group shows
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the number of electrons at the outer level, the
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outer level of sulfur, accordingly,
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here is the last third and here we have 6
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electrons matching the group number,
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which means we did everything correctly now we need to
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make an electronic circuit of sulfur atoms
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we write sulfur put a circle in a circle
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write plus 16 show that the charge of the nucleus is
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16 plus because protons have a
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then we make three energy
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levels along which the electrons will be distributed
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at the first level a maximum of two
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electrons can already be directly Just
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count 2 in the second we distributed
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one two three 4 5 six 7 8 electrons and
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in the third energy level there are
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6 electrons left with the gray atom, let's
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consider the sodium atom and so the
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nucleus and information on sodium from the periodic table
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on 3 has an atomic number of 11 and a
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mass number of 23 we say that the
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atomic number is equal to the number of
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protons and the number of electrons we
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need to determine the neutrons for this
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we subtract the atomic number from the mass number
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23 -11 is 12 as you can see
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the number of neutrons may not coincide
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with the number of protons and electrons the
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proton and neutron are in the nucleus
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and the electrons need to be distributed around the
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nucleus sodium will have three energy
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levels as we determined this we see
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sodium is in the third period
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means it will have a total of three
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energy levels across which the electrons will be
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contains two electrons we say
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at the first level there are a maximum of two
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electrons the second energy level
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contains 8 electrons if we count the
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number of electrons that we have already
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arranged on two levels then this
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number There will be 10 if sodium has only
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we have already placed 10 on the first two levels, then it will be logical to
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assume that on the third level we will have
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only one electronics engineer left and
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there is one electron on the outer level, then sodium
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should be in the first group,
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let's check sodium is in the
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first group, which means we did everything
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correctly now we need to write the
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electron diagram of the sodium atom we write
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put a circle this is the nucleus write the charge in
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nucleus contains one of the protons then we
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make three energy levels on the
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first level two electrons for 2 we
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put in total on the second level the
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maximum can be in total
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no more fits and on the third level we have
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one electronics engineer left we
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have analyzed carbon which has two
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levels sulfur with three levels and sodium
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also with three levels but I want to
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show you another atom which has
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only one energy level and this is the
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helium atom the nucleus and only one
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energy level let's determine
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the number of protons and electrons and
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atomic number Helium has 2
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electrons, so helium has
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protons because the atomic number is
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equal to the number of protons and electrons.
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We determine neutrons by
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subtracting the atomic number from the mass number. 4 minus
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means we've killed two neutrons, and helium has only
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If we look at the periodic table,
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helium will be in the first
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meaning it has one energy
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level. If it has two electrons and
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one energy level, then these same two electrons will be
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level. Let's make an electron diagram from
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write a circle, +2 charge of the nucleus, and one
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energy level. We made it and
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showed that there are two electrons there.
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We've analyzed the structure of the atom.
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Subscribe to our channel. Goodbye.
