Guest Lecture Geologi Indonesia Awang Harun Satyana, 24 Februari 2021

Assalamu'alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh. Waalaikumsalam warahmatullahi wabarakatuh. May peace be upon us all. Thank God, this morning we can gather even though through the internet, because the condition is such. This morning we will get a lecture from Mr. Awang.

Actually, this is in the course of the Indonesia Geology College. Coincidentally, the sponsor is us, coincidentally in one unit with Mr. Awang, Mr. Nur Riyadjat, Mr. Yad, and I, Mr. Budi too. I remember actually we had planned this exactly a year ago.

But at the beginning of the pandemic, when Mr. Awang was coming to Bandung, I remember the first day we were not allowed to go to campus was the day when Mr. Awang was supposed to give a lecture in a casual way. So last year we actually planned this with different purposes.

Alhamdulillah, now we can do this. At that time, we didn't think about doing it directly because it was not the season yet. So the Zooming was not as booming as it is now. So we just waited for it.

Before I start, I will introduce Mr. Awang to the students who don't speak well, sometimes don't know who Mr. Awang is. Mr. Awang is also our graduate, an alumni, graduated in 1983. He was interested in chirurgy in 1989. Then he worked directly at Pertamina.

until 2002. After that, he moved to BPNIGAS until 2012, when BPNIGAS became SKK Migas. And now he is retired. Last year, I think, Mr. Abang, right? - Yes, September. - Yes, September 2019, so it's been a year.

However, his busyness is still, what is it called, if I see it, it is getting busier, especially with the pandemic, Mr. Awang can give more than one webinar in a week. Then, this is also to be known by the students, during his career as a geologist for about 30 years, he has written more than

570 publications, almost 600 now, because the data is 2019. So if we look at 600 publications in 30 years, it means 20 publications in a year. That's amazing. One month, three months, two publications on average. I think it's very difficult to find someone who has as many publications as he does now.

He has received a lot of appreciation from Iyagi since 2002 until his last pension yesterday. Then he also became a field trip instructor from many field trips and also still active as a guru, sometimes a master guru in the Indonesia Geotrack community.

This is a non-profit community that tries to understand natural disasters. Okay, we will start right away. But first to the Maeswa, especially Maeswa S1, who takes the role of the Indonesian Geography. Please note that this is from Mr. Awang because later the materials that he

explain it will also be a material for tests, both UTS and UAS. So pay attention, if there is anything you need to ask, just ask, don't be shy. I provide more than three hours, if you need to add, no problem. So the questions from the students can be done through chat, we will read it later during the question session.

Then, the students from PASKA, Mr. Otong and friends, this is a good opportunity for you from PASKA to review what we have learned so far. Okay, let's give Mr. Wang his time to present or give his lecture this morning. Please, Mr. Wang.

Okay, thank you Mr. Iweng, my former friends in 1983 and also some other friends here. Good morning again. Assalamu'alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh. Waalaikumsalam warahmatullahi wabarakatuh. Thank you for the opportunity to give me the opportunity to hold a general lecture this morning. So,

Here we have students from S1, I call them my children, I am sure they are the same age as me, maybe even younger. Then there are also friends from S2 and S3. It is very happy that today we can meet and I can also tell you about the things about Indonesian geology that I have been familiar with for a long time during my career as a geologist, as introduced by Mr. Iweng.

Okay, I will share the screen first. You can see it, all of you. So I gave this title to Mr. Iweng a few days ago, Geology Indonesia. Of course there are two main pillars in geology, usually tectonics and scintigraphy.

The uniqueness of Indonesian geology is that it controls many things. Many things in Indonesia that I observed, and of course we all know and feel. First, I will talk about the evolution of life, both in terms of fauna, flora, and human life to this day. How to control it. Then of course, the power source problem, geological control is very strong.

And we also learn geology for the possibility of finding it. If later on, friends and children are interested in the field of mineral extraction or energy sources, there is a geology course because they are not random, not random. If it's random, it doesn't need a course like geology. They have their own rules on how

There can be gold, copper, nickel, copper, copper, rock, and hot earth. All have control over the events. Geology controls it. Then, pollution. In the early years, we have also been surprised by some disasters, for example in the West. It is also not separated from geology control. We can see

which areas are vulnerable to earthquakes, tsunamis, etc. It becomes a disaster because it is indeed a place where humans live. Geologically, it is not a disaster because it is only a process of geological balance. But when humans are in the same place, involved in a severe geological process, like that, it means as empty as an earthquake, for example, it becomes a disaster.

The same goes for land loss. That's the process of land movement, the process of balance. But when life is accompanied by humans in that area, it follows that process. Now there are many more hydro-meteorological fountains. Okay, then to geological heritage. Geological heritage, maybe in the last 10 years, we have observed that problem a lot.

Even in Geology 4, Prof. Mega is also very involved in this field, so there is a research center for Geoparks, for example. Because that is a geological heritage that we must take care of together. Later we will also see that geological heritage is also useful for geologists, both for the students and for the children. All children like to come to the stone quarries, because they are rare. The stone quarries are not easy to come to. So when there is one, it must be fresh.

That's what we talk about geological heritage. Geological heritage has also become an interesting place to do tourism, tourism with a special interest, which we call geotourism. I am also quite active in the field of geotourism, including the community that I used to be a teacher in, which is Geotrack Indonesia. So I will talk about the academic issues, namely tectonics and satigraphy, but also the application, various

Let's start with this first. I often mention in the beginning of my presentation about Indonesian geology, about this physiography. That is Indonesian physiography which I think is amazing if we compare it with many other countries. Indonesia is so unique, these islands. It is the largest island, the largest island country,

also updated by two oceans, Indian and Pacific, with some islands that are strange, such as the Sulawesi Islands, then miniaturized by the Halmahera Islands, then here we have the Bussur, the Banda Bussur, then we are updated by the deep Palung, outside. Of course, this has a very interesting geological history. Another thing is that we also have two continents, including the world's largest, the continental shelf here. There are Sunda continents here, then there are Sahel continents here.

that surrounds the deep seas here, the Banda Sea. There is even a deeper sea than Palung, which is the Weber depth, up to 7,000 meters. It's deeper than the Palung that surrounds Indonesia. Of course, all of this does not happen just like that. There must be an involved geological process, which we will see together later. And this will also give special things to Indonesian geology.

If we study the Indonesian geology, we can never be separated from the name Rain Willem van Beemelen, Erwin van Beemelen. He is a Dutch geologist who has worked in Indonesia, was born in Batavia, has been active in Indonesia for a long time, and wrote the famous book "The Geology of Indonesia" which is a reference to this day. In his book, Van Beemelen wrote like this,

The East Indian Archipelago, if we talk about Indonesia, it can be translated as the most intricate parts of the earth's surface. The East Indies are an important touchstone for conceptions on the fundamental problems of geological evolution of our planet. So Indonesia is

a test, a very important test for the concepts of problems based on the evolution of our planet's geology. It's amazing if we can say these words. And I'm sure, because Van Bambelen has compiled the book Geology of Indonesia, although some of them may not be able to be used anymore because the theory has been left behind, but we still use the data.

We can be sure that the broad knowledge about Indonesian geology and its experience was finally spread in this sentence. So we can be sure that this sentence is not an exaggeration. So we as Indonesians, educated in geology, should be very grateful that we are left in Indonesia and as Indonesian geologists. That is also what I am always grateful for as an Indonesian geologist after studying geology for almost 40 years.

with his degree. If he was a scientist, maybe 30 years. So, the superiority of Indonesian geology is extraordinary. And even now, there are still many processes of geology that are happening. Because we often experience what is called eruption of a volcano, earthquake, it means that the processes of geology are in the making, are happening until now. Then Warren Hamilton in 1979 also published

in the approach of tectonic slabs, because that year has already developed, the tectonic slabs. Well, this is the map of Indonesia's geology that has been simplified. This describes all the rocks. All the rocks, we can see the variations of the rocks that are extremely complex, and later we will discuss it in the bibliographic.

And we can say that stratigraphy is the good recorder of tectonics. So whatever tectonics are given to Indonesia is recorded by stratigraphy. Then, with the process of geology, it finally made it complete. So this is the result of a 100 million years of geology. Finally, we have a series of rocks in Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, and even Papua.

have their own uniqueness, it will certainly involve various tectonic processes, geological processes. Later we will learn in stratigraphy. Of course, it is not enough for us to only study stratigraphy on the surface. Fortunately, we already have the technology to go under it again, in the subsurface. Geophysical techniques help us to see the rocks under the Indonesian territory. We will discuss that later.

Okay. That's as a preview. So the point is, Indonesia is complex, unique, but also interesting and gives a lot of opportunities. Opportunities are of course

there are also many power sources, there are also various kinds of wide power sources, minerals that we use, then there is also pollution, because it is an integral part of the geology process. But humans are also given the sense to mitigate it. Because there is pollution mitigation, so that we

not to be a victim of more of the ongoing geological processes. No matter what, it can't be prevented. If a volcano is about to explode, it will explode, even if there are people above it. We have to eliminate it first. Or maybe we build a friendly house to the storms. That's the way it is. So we adjust ourselves to the geological rhythms when living in Indonesia.

Okay, so this is what we will discuss. First, we will see what Indonesia's tectonics are like, then Indonesia's stratigraphy, and this will be the basis for us to discuss the problem up to number six. Control over the evolution of life, control over the source of power, later here it will be discussed from minerals to energy, then control over pollution, and control over geological heritage. Let's first look at Indonesia's tectonics.

Indonesia is also interested in tectonics. And the so-called teoretical tectonics, of course, come and go. It's common, the theory is like that. Then, it turns out that there are no teoretical theories, they were brought to Indonesia. They were brought to Indonesia to be tested by the experts.

Last year, I also talked about this more specifically in the UNPAD geology group, in the general college as well. Maybe the friends who are here have also seen my presentation about the theory of technical theory on Geo-Dynamics in Indonesia. First, Geosynclin, for example. These are the original images that I brought from the theories.

There is Geosynkline, there is Undaci, which is developed by Van Bommelen. This is a plate tectonic that is still in use today. Then Terran tectonic, this is a further development from plate tectonic, then also Terran tectonic and Menthol Plume tectonic, which works at the bottom, in the Menthol structure. Later, there will be an influence to the lithosphere. Well, we will discuss what is happening now, plate tectonic, Terran tectonic, and will be the basis for

we will talk about it further. It does not mean that Geosynclin and Undaci are dead, there are some parts that we can still use from here to see more. Maybe you can see my previous materials about this theory, if you want to discuss it in more detail.

Now we are in this position. From the tectonic-platetectonic theory, the tectonic-flat, it has been discussed a lot by Prof. Robert Hall and his friends from the University of London for the tectonic evolution. The picture is finally like this. This is the condition at present time. Because if we talk about geology, it always involves space and time, right? It's different every time. The space will be different.

The geological condition is like this now in Indonesia. We can see from the colors, it's complex. Because this is described as yellow, associated with Eurasian plate, then red with Gondwana, which means Africa, India, Australia used to have Gondwana, but then

transported to where it is now, and the green one is the island art that collided with that place. If we look at Indonesia, it is very complex, very colorful, all colors are there. It means that Indonesia was built by some of the Eurasians here. This actually came from Gondwana, but the first one to come. Then it was organized by the Australians, there are bodies here, and there are areas that

in situ, which is the island arc that happened because of the cyclonic process, then it was closed when there was a collision between Australian and Eurasian terrans. This is a more detailed picture, still from Robert Hall. This is the more detailed picture, now the position of Indonesia.

You can see, for example, South Sulawesi here is yellow. Because it left Eurasia with the opening of South Makassar. Likewise, Sumba, the color is yellow. Even though the geographical position is in East Indonesia, the color is yellow, it comes from here.

Then here we have the island arcs, which start from here, Lombok, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, then to Wepar, then there is also the eastern coast of Sulawesi, the northern coast of Sulawesi, then the northern part of Papua, all of them are island arcs.

Oceanic Island Arc, which was once formed as an archipelago in the ocean because of the subduction process. Now it is building the Indonesian islands. Meanwhile, the fire mountains here in Sumatra Java are also archipelago, but not archipelago, but the edge of the continent, or the Continental Margin Arc. So we have to differentiate that this is the Continental Margin Arc, while this is an island.

or Oceanic Island Arc. So if you guys are talking about the proper island arc, it's not Sumatra and Java, but starting from Lombok, Zimbabwe, Flores, this area, for example. Or part of northern Sulawesi, or Halmahera, that is a true island arc. If this is a continental margin arc, of course it's different in volcanism, the eruption, mineralization, it's all different. So it means that geology also controls those things.

Then the red ones are the parts of the Gondwana or Australian. Now they also arrange parts such as in Banggai Sula, in Buton, in Kepala Burung, in the East, etc. So it means if there is a geologist who works on finding minerals or energy here, in Kepala Burung, in Banggai Sula, or in Kepala Burung here, in Buton, they will apply the principles that apply to Australians.

mineralization, or Australian Petroleum Geology. Because the area was owned by Australia, it has only been here. Then we present time have subduction here. Subduction that you can see that the age here is actually getting older. So this is the color in the ocean shows the age that is getting older. Here it is young, maybe here it is around Tertiary, here it is around Kapur, and ends here in Jurassic.

What does it mean? It means that when they do subduction, the subduction will be slow. The more they go here, the more it will be more and more. Does that have an effect? Of course it does. It will also affect the storms. So the big storms will happen in Sumatra, the more they go here, the smaller it will be. Because the Benioff zone here is getting more and more. It means that here it is pressing

the continent's edge very strongly. Because here is the landai Benioff. So it keeps moving. It presses this very strongly, resulting in large swamps here. The longer it goes here, the more it runs out. Now we know this area as a megatrust, right? It is often called. Well, I observed that the swamplers often unite all of this. The learnings of the swamps from Sumatra such as Aceh, Mentawai, Padang, it was immediately applied to Java. I don't think so.

Because it's different. So it's not surprising why there is no more than 8 magnitude of earthquake here. Even here, there are up to 9.3. We can talk about it in more detail later. But it's different. Geologists must provide such insights. It's very different. The most unique here is Sulawesi. In Sulawesi, you can see from the color, it's already the most colorful.

There is the Eurasian, there is the Australian, and there is the Institute Island. The shape is also strange, and it is extremely unique, extremely complex, Sulawesi. Then we are in the middle of the Banda Sea, which has been debated when the Banda Sea was formed.

Was it the old sea that was covered? It was once shown in the Cacti League era. But now we know that this is a young sea because there is a little seafloor spreading here. So in Indonesia, there is a seafloor spreading in a small form, namely in the Banda Sea. Because we found magnetic stripping here. This is an example of magnetic stripping. This is all magnetic stripping, the former of the young Cacti. Well, this is the complicated tectonic image in Indonesia.

the satigraphy will also respond, because as I said earlier, satigraphy is a tectonic record. So whatever becomes tectonic is recorded in satigraphy. So if you go to the field, you see a slightly strange satigraphy, there must be a tectonic problem. For example, what is it? Unconformity. There is a discord between the bottom layer and the top layer. So there is a tectonic process. That's all recorded by rocks, the rock record.

Proof that the wings are moving, now we already have technology, namely GPS. In the past, when Kathily developed the pre-tectonic concept, he didn't have GPS measurements, because GPS was not available in the early 1970s. That the wings were moving to the north, India, Australia, then the Pacific, the Philippines, then west, maybe it's from various data, such as sea morphology, etc. But obviously there was no GPS measurement at that time.

Now we have GPS measurements that are placed on several islands. There is Christmas Island here, in Western Australia. There are several GPS stations that are placed here. Here, too, there are in the islands. And this is measured from time to time. For example, this island position is measured every year. From the next year, it is measured again, and so on for 10 years. Finally, they have a vector, right?

We know the vector, the unit that has direction and magnitude, that's called a vector. This is the vector. And this can be measured by the speed. This is the scale. This scale is 50 mm per year. So this is 5 cm per year. From here we know that the Indian Ocean is moving north. Sumatra is moving north here, a little bit. Maybe because it's pressed, but it's short here. How much is this? Maybe this is 2 cm per year.

The Nias Islands also move, maybe around 3 cm per year. Then all these islands move, and here it moves a little westward. And it's relatively fast here. This is long, right? Maybe this is about 10 cm per year, this is maybe 12 cm per year. So what we are describing here is indeed the coast is moving, the Indian coast moves here, the Australian coast moves north, this moves westward. And this is the relative Eurasia

Fixed, relatively still, or maybe move a little bit. And that's already controlled by GPS.

So the tectonic plate that the slabs move, that's right. It has been proven. This is just an example in Indonesia. The whole world has proven that slabs that we have been theorizing move like that, for example, South America moves east to west, West Africa moves east, so that it opens the Atlantic Ocean, that's right. That they used to be united is also right.

In the past, they could only be united by the shape of the island, which if it was clopped, it would look like a jigsaw puzzle. It turns out that the measurement is correct. And it was proven by the GPS measurement. Now, we will see some sections. By applying tectonic slabs, we can find out why, for example, in Java, there are volcanic eruptions like this. This is a picture of Java. Because we have Indian Ocean slabs that are sinking, sinking and then entering here.

And the Bani of Zion can be different, the depth, the depth. Here it is a bit low, around 35 degrees, then here it is a bit low. But if we compare it with Sumatra, it's different. We compare it with the southern part

in the South East, it's different. Because the older the oceanic plate, the more the bain-yop zone subduction is damaged. And that will have a lot of effects later. Then we also know with platyconic theory that between 100-200 km of depth, partial melting occurs. What experiences partial melting is not the oceanic lithosphere, so don't think this is a lagoon. The lagoon is part of the mantle here, because there is water that is drained, so when entering

the 100-200 km depth zone, it will be heated. So the water that is brought from the ocean will all come out, dehydration. Because of dehydration, the mantle around here will be more liquid. Because there is an additional water supply entering here, because of dehydration from the ocean floor. That's what partial melting is meant. Back then when I was in college, my friends, my colleagues, they used to say that partial melting is the one that is melting.

Because it was not explained in more detail at that time. It turns out it's not like that. So the oceanic dehydration, the water coming out of here, it shrinks the mantle, because the mantle shrinks, it must have a higher buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant buoyant So it's no wonder that the fire mountain will definitely be in line with the subduction route. Here we have the subduction route, here the mountains are happening.

and it comes from a depth of 100-200 km. Of course, if we work with a low slope, for example, it has entered here, 200 km here, it means the fire mountains will be here. We can understand why the fire mountain paths are changing. For example, in Java, the fire mountain path that is the age of Oligomiosen, which we used to call All Undecide, is located in the south. But when it reaches the age of Myokliosen, it moves north.

We can explain that because there is a change in the Bani of Zone, from the oligomyozen to the myopleo. Maybe some of you may ask, "How can the Bani of Zone be changed or the Bani of Zone be distorted?" Because the one that enters changes. The old one may be old, so it is distorted when it enters. In the myopleo, maybe there are already young generations that enter, so it is more flexible. We can answer it like that, as an example.

Then here, in this meeting area, you can see that this is a flat meeting area. Of course, here the rocks have strong stress, in terms of structural geology. Strong stress, because it moves here, it moves there. They are pressing each other, there is stress formed here. The stress will then build a structure.

Strain. Strain will eventually become a failure, it will crack because it is not strong enough to be held by rocks. It breaks and eventually becomes a crack. No wonder why the cracks that are called megatruss are here. There are cracks here. There are old gaps here, right? Of course we know what is called a gap, a gap of baribus, a gap of self-restraint, it is an old gap. But if we have stress from here,

they can be reactivated. And that has been proven, because they always become a position where the earthquake epicenter, but it is reactivated, so from the stress that is spread from here. So it is no wonder why the Lempeng meeting area will be a place with many earthquakes. So we can separate the earthquake area, only we can never determine when the earthquake will happen, how strong it will happen.

There are often lies, there will be a huge earthquake here at the beginning of the year. Yesterday, there was also a huge earthquake in Sesar Lembang at the beginning of the year. That's a hoax. Because we never know when the earthquake will happen and how strong it will be.

The potential of the Sesar Lembang to cause a plague, yes, because we have had historical events. A few years ago, it was a plague syndrome. It means that in the future it can still happen. That's the potential. Then we can see that the technology is well-regulated. If we have a subduction like this, we have several slopes here. There are slopes in front of the ravine, this is the ravine,

This is the fore-arc basin, the pebbles in front of the dam. Then there is also the back-arc basin, the pebbles behind the dam. The pebbles are the place where the sediment is in the front. So here we have the potential for migas, rocks, because there is sediment, for example. Or maybe we have minerals that are related to sediment. It can happen like that.

Mineralization can happen here, in this area. Because of course there are many magnetic intrusion here. Of course, mineralization such as basic metals, gold, etc. can be here. So you can see that everything is controlled by tectonics. So the search for minerals, the search for energy, must be based on tectonics. Because we can measure it better. This is for Sumatra. Sumatra, later we will learn from the theory of tectonic air, it is the oldest area, the first to be built in Indonesia.

That was Sumatra at that time. At that time, Kalimantan was not there, Java was not there, Sumatra was already there. And from then on, it became a subduction place. So the result is also described by Kaptele Tanda 81, we already know that there are many subduction zones under Sumatra.

Because Sumatra was built by various subduction and collisions, by seduction and collision from various periods. And this finally resulted in times like this. So we can say that Sumatra is an extremely complex island. Why is that? Because it is from various subduction results. So you can see here, this is the Jurassic subduction.

Triassic was even more backward, in Jurassic it was more to the south. Then this is Cretaceous, this is Tertiary, this is from the Indian Ocean, from the South China Sea, for example. This is the age of Triassic. This is the age of Carbon, even older. This is the age of Cretaceous. This is also the same. Try to imagine, all of these are accommodated by various geological principles above it, right? Both by magmatic, both by volcanism, both by the sediments below it. Later in the tectonic terran theory, this will be divided again by terran.

Each Terran carries its own sediment. What does it mean? There will be various extremely complex collisions between the sediments that were brought Terran by Terran, mixed in Sumatra. And now it may become a metamorphosis above it. The task of geologists is to map this area. You can imagine how complicated Sumatra is because it comes from various tectonics here. But don't worry,

there is still a recorder, there is still a report, that is, the satigraphy, the data of the paleomagnet, finally it is also compiled. So Sumatra is so complex, finally it is also compiled, how the history is formed. Well, all of that is made by plate tectonics. Well, that's the plate tectonics theory, now I'm going into the tectonic theory. That's the continuation of the tectonic theory.

The first to open a technology terran was Pulungono Amar'um and Ron Cameron. They are English experts who helped to break Sumatra. Sumatra is now described as this. It plays in the basement. So it plays under it. Try to see it, friends. Look here. Here is what is called a micro plate. I often call it a terran. A terran is a block of lithosphere that will arrange the whole plate.

Here is the Ismalaya micro plate. Here is the Malacca micro plate. Then here is the Mergui micro plate. Here is the Woyla Teran. Here is the Sikuleh Continental Fragment. Here is the microcontinent. Now it becomes the Sumatra island. It is supposed to be the Sumatra island, but if we check one by one, it's different. So the records of satigraphy here with Woyla, with Malacca, with Ismalaya, with Mergui, each is different. Then they argue.

forming a cone, which means a place where microplates or terra are mixed. Before they mix, they move away. For example, Woyla. Woyla is an oceanic island ark that grew up around the Jurassic period in the Mesothetian Ocean. What is Mesothetian Ocean? Mesothetian Ocean is the predecessor of the Indian Ocean. It used to be far away, around here. That was Woyla Island Ark. It was moving, moving here, and finally it collided.

in combination with the existing Terran, which is Mergui. Then the subdued areas are all weak zones. So there was a subduction record here, there was a collision record. Because the collision is the formation of Terran with Terran. It means it dilutes its subduction. So the subduction zone is lost there. So it's no wonder why we find melang, oviolite, etc. in each subdued zone, because they used to be sea.

before the terran of the continent here meets the Malacca. In the middle is the sea, so they formed a circle. So it's no wonder that in the Bangka and Belitung Islands there are many granitic intrusions. And the granitic is different. If you want to learn mineralization or petrology, later we will differentiate between S-type granite and E-type granite.

S-type granite comes from collision of sediments, while E-type granite comes from subduction related intrusion. The mineralization will be different. We have to know that far. If you study economic geology, for example, we have to know that the granite in Bangkatu is S-type or E-type because the product will be different. It will produce copper or gold. That will be determined by the type of the granite. And this is also determined by tectonics.

Then this is the famous one, the Binturan area between Sikule Continental and Woyla, with Mergui, now becomes the big arch that we know as the Sumatra arch. That's the Binturan area, the Sutur area in the past, which then reactivated into the Sumatra arch. So this is just one island, it's complicated. So that's how Teran-Tlan happened. That's what happened.

I will tell you a little bit about Terran so that my friends and children can understand it better. Because we are learning it now with Terran Tectonic. Play Tectonic as a big hole, but the detailing that will be in Terran Tectonic. Let's see here. This section is about to cut from here to here. Let's see the final result. The final result is like this.

Finally, we have Mesothetis here, which I mentioned earlier, is a predecessor of the Indian Ocean. Now it looks like the Indian Ocean. Then we have Sibumassu, another Terran. Sibumassu was formerly called Mergui. Sibumassu is a combination of the words Siam, Thailand, Burma, Malaysia, and Sumatra. It means it arranges the basement, it's called Sibumassu. Then there is Indochina, another Terran.

This is one terran, then we have E-type, this is a volcanic channel, called Sukhothai Arc, which was an Island Arc in the past. And it produces granite with the symbol E-type. So this is the result of subduction here. You can see here, later we will see what the evolution is like. But this is the final result, even now it is still like this, only this has been replaced by the Indian Ocean, by the Cenotaph, then by the Indian Ocean. This is what we call a plate.

A slope that leads from Sumatra to Malaysia to Thailand. That's one slope. Eurasia Slope. But if we break it, they used to be arranged by various territories. Now we pull it back to the past. Geology has always worked with the past. We pay attention here. We look here.

This is the first Terran to come, in the past. They were here in the past too. So in the theory of tectonic Terran, we always have what is called a supercontinent, then the supercontinent is divided into one, because at the end it will drift. It will drift, it will separate here, it will go by itself as a Terran. Indochina is the oldest to leave from Gondwana. So the story is that at this age, it has reached here. This is the Indochina Terran.

Then in front of it, there is a subduction. It usually has a subduction. It makes a volcanic path called Sukhothai Arc. So this is Terran I here. So this is Terran II, which is an island arc in situ. So this is in situ here. Meanwhile, this is a transported or exotic Terran, coming from here. This one doesn't come from anywhere, it happens by itself here.

This is the next Bumasu. In the next age, Bumasu is still united with Gondwana, but they broke up. They drifted with the Mesothetist opening. Then he moved here, so this is the third Terran. This is the third Terran here. This will come back here and finally they will form one another.

Here is the formation. The Teran of Indochina was formed by Teran Sukhothai, Teran Sukhothai was formed by Shibumassu. The position is now like this. These are our curves. This is a curve, this is a curve, and now it becomes a plate. - In the old teoretical of plate tectonics, we know that there are sea levels, right? - If not with the theory of Teran, we can't explain why there are oceanic in the middle of the sea. In the old days, it couldn't be explained with the teoretical of plate tectonics.

Because in the past, we thought that plates were big as a whole. Now, it's not. Plate tectonics, plate is composed of numerous microplates. One plate is built by many teras. So we can explain why there are oceanic routes in each plate. Because it's the origin of the structure. This used to be an oceanic. You can see it here. This was an oceanic. When it was formed, it disappeared. But this became an ovulite.

The ocean is lost, closed, closing of the oceanic basin. But this will be a suture, an ovulate suture. For example, the Bentong River in Malaysia, that's a famous route, the Ovulate Route, which used to be an open sea here and closed by Sukhothai Arc. Understand, friends? That's what we call Terran technology. The simplicity is that a plate is built by the Compost of Terran.

Some have already learned, of course. We are grateful, we just have to accept it. We just have to accept it, and we learn, then we apply it. Well, these colors show one Teran after another. This is also a simplification. Try to see. Indonesia is very colorful, right? What does it mean? There are many Teran. And this is the Indochina Teran. This is Indochina, this is Bumasu, in the middle there is Sukhothai Arc,

This is the Raup Bentong here, the Ovioli route, then this is the Woyla route. So Woyla also blocked Sumatra, collided Sumatra here. Then this became the Sumatra-Mendatar border. Because it's a weak route. Every route is a weak route. When there is a next tectonic reactivation, these routes are open. People often say, "The old wound is opened again."

This is the axis here. Now we understand Indonesia as a collision of numerous terrains. In the past, we thought there were three slopes, right? Here there is the Eurasian slope, the Australian slope, here is the Philippine Pacific slope. Now we think Indonesia was built by 20 terrains, and we have to think like that.

This is from another writer who has been studying the Terran issue, Ian Metcalfe. Here are the Terran numbers. Try to see. 19 Terran, approximately, that built Indonesia. And this history is also complicated, one by one, it comes to build Indonesia. Ian Metcalfe also develops how the reconstruction of the Terran is very complicated. Because the area is now overprinting, upside down by various geological events that happened later.

For example, when the Silurian era came, Indonesia was not there yet, but as a reference, Indonesia is in the tropics, Indonesia will be here later. So the so-called globe, all longitude and latitude do not change. What changes is the continents and oceans that come and close or expand or open. This is still the same. The equator will stay here.

30 North will be here, 30 South will be here, 60 South will be here, 60 North will be here. This is what is circulating continuously. Indonesia's position in the late Silurian period has not yet existed. So Indonesia did not exist in the late Silurian period because we haven't seen its shape yet. What exists is the Gondwana here. This is a compact land, while the blue-yellow is the shallow marine, the blue-yellow is the deep marine.

In the north, we have Terran-Terran, Laurentian, Siberian, and other sectors here. Previously, in 475, in the early Ordovician, this is the shape. This is the Silurian. Then in the Devonian, Carbon, it's like this. Indonesia hasn't been there, but Australia has been there. Because most of them came from here. Indonesia used to have all the fragments coming from here.

or North Gondwana. So, Indonesia is part of North Gondwana. It will come from here, it will come from here, it will come from here, it will come from here, but they haven't erupted yet. Well, here it has started to erupt. It started to erupt here, even started to erupt here in Defon by opening what is called the Paleothetes. So here it started to erupt. If you look here, it's already starting to cellomerate, right? It means there's already a eruption, there's already a rifting here.

there is already rifting, even here there is already rifting. Then the rifting is getting wider. Finally, there is a sea floor spreading here, which is called paleo-tetris. This is what will later build Sumatra, which has already started to rise. And here, it's getting farther. We can see here, North China, South China, that's what China is now.

They also came from Gondwana. Now we call it a region called Cartesian. Cartesian. 340. Then now in 295, this is early Permian. The palaeotectomy is getting wider here. The palaeotectomy is getting wider. Then,

253, here, Indonesia is not yet visible, but it will be here, but it is already developing Indonesia. North China, South China are already here, the position. Indochina, this is it. Indochina is already here. Because Indochina will later develop some areas of Indonesia in the West. Here it is not yet there. The first is here. This is S, S is Sibumasu.

So this Indochina was formed by Sibumassu, which we described earlier, the Teran. This is North China, South China, Indochina, Sibumassu here. This is part of Sumatra, but its position is still in the north, 30, north. Now we know that Sumatra is divided by the equator, right? In the beginning, they were like this.

Then the Paleo-Tetris Sea has been closed by the alliance between Indochina and Sibu Masu. At the beginning, we could still see the Paleo-Tetris here, but with the arrival of Taurus, it finally collided here and closed. Finally, we have Masu Tetris in the south. Well, here is where Indonesia began, the western part of Indonesia.

If I look at the animation in more detail, Indonesia started to exist 225 million years ago. That was the first block that organized Sumatra, the West Sumatra Teran. So the organizer of Indonesia was 225. So we can say Indonesia was formed at the beginning of 225 million years ago or in the late Triassic. So Indonesia's age is 225 million years ago until now.

From here, Indonesia then developed more. Let's see. Here, in the late Jurassic, there is Sumatra here, part of the Sibumasu. Here is the East Malaya, and it has started to move towards the equator. In the early Cretaceous, it has started to appear here. And if you look, these are the next terraces that will come, namely East Java, West Sulawesi here. Then this is the Southwest Borneo. They came from here first by opening the Cenotaphs.

This means that this is the third opening, after the rifting of Gondwana. The first is Paleothetis, the second Mesothetis, the third Senothetis. This is building, some of West Indonesia has been formed. Sotus Borneo, which will line up Kalimantan, has arrived. Likewise, East Java, West Sulawesi, Argoland, etc. have come here to build West Indonesia.

In the Late Cretaceous, South West Borneo has been here, Kalimantan has been here, East Java has been here, West Sulawesi has been here. So the parts of Indonesia, including the West and the Middle, have been formed here and have cut the equator. Meanwhile, India is moving to the north, wanting to form this.

Later when India was formed here, this is what caused what is called escape tectonics, extrusion tectonics. This moved to the south. Finally Indonesia cut off the equator. Here we are almost in the middle of Sulawesi, there are all of them. So West and Central Indonesia have been built. East Indonesia, where are all the things here? We can see here, there is a bird's head, there is a sulak tree,

Seram, all of them are here, still in the northern part of Australia. Australia itself has been formed into its own island with the opening of the Antarctic Spreading here.

Finally, this story was continued by Robert Hall with his tertiary animation. The pre-tertiary animation was mostly by Ian Metcalfe. This is the next event. In 1960, we already had West Sulawesi here. West Sulawesi, then this is Sumatra here, India was built here, in 1960, 1950, here, and in 1940, it finally collapsed here. And Indonesia escaped to the south.

Meanwhile, this is also moving north. This is 30 here. This is already separating, the West Sulawesi has separated from Kalimantan. This is coming more and more. We have Sulawesi here, which will build the eastern part of Sulawesi and that stops the spreading from the South Makassar. Then Indonesia has experienced a rotation here. Between 20-10, this is a rotation.

Kalimantan is already solid. In the past, it was all slanted here, right? Even so, Java was still connected to Sumatra. Now it's solid here. Solid. Well, this is getting more and more to the north, finally the position is like this now. Well, that's how Indonesia was built. Built like that. The reaction was like that. That's what tectonics is called. From pre-tectonics, then it was built into the tectonic theory, finally it happened like that.

Finally, we can see that Indonesia was built from west to east. We have seen earlier that in West Indonesia, in Sumatra, all the parts that have happened are pre-Cretaceous. Here is pre-Cretaceous, which was added then in early Cretaceous, added this time, the next Terran, here it was added again, in mid Cretaceous, and this is what happened in early Myosin, and finally all came here. Indonesia was built from west to east. So the oldest is this.

Teran by Teran by Teran by Teran, all of them came here. Papua came here. The last collision was at the location where the area that was added to Indonesia, the last one was the back of Papua. It was here. They just added it around Pliosen. That was the youngest area that was added in Indonesia, in Pliosen. So before Pliosen, Indonesia's face was different. Just around Pliosen, it was the same.

So that's the story about Tektonik. Now let's look at the animation, the original animation. Well, it's like this. It's actually more or less similar, if we look at it. You can see that this was taken from Cretaceous, early Cretaceous, 150 million years ago. That's early Cretaceous.

We can see that Indonesia is still in the west, then India started to split here, then finally this Nubruk moved to the south. India came straight here, the Australian, finally became one. So in the early days, Indonesia was still in the west. Where did it start to unite? You can see, this can also be stopped, here, approximately. Only around there. Only around 15 million years ago, there was the eastern part of Indonesia.

That's the story about tectonics. So now if we look at Indonesia in tectonic slabs, Indonesia in tectonic slabs is like this. But in tectonic terran, it looks like this. This white line is a representation of Eurasian slabs. From here to here. If we look at it, it's the same. But if we discuss it by terran, there are many.

There's Indochina, there's Shibumatsu, etc. We have to understand that now it's a tectonic theory or a terran theory. Especially if we want to play with a pre-territorial geology. If it's tertiary, it's okay, because the story here is over. Tertiary has already finished the collision. But if we want to discuss the issue of pre-territorial, for example, we hunt mesozoic oil, we can't use plate tectonics anymore, but we have to use terran tectonics.

Okay, that's the story about tectonics. Now, the story about satigraphy. As we discussed earlier, satigraphy is a good recorder of tectonics. So, each tectonic response will be taken and responded in a satigraphy way. So, the satigraphy record shows what kind of tectonics are happening. We have seen this, a rock wall from Warren Hamilton in 1979, simplified by Sukanto in 2000, it looks like this model.

You can see here the rocks are amazing, very complex. And that's just the summary. After following the geological processes, it finally came to this. Of course, this involves various processes. From the geological measurements that have been made, this is the age of Indonesian rocks. We can see from the Paleozoic age to the Cenozoic, from Sumatra to Papua. This is from the measurements of all.

the stone satigraphy columns. And these stones are incredibly diverse. And this has been simplified, of course. This has been simplified, and it finally looks like this. Of course, this brings a lot of geological considerations and it's not complete. The concept is not complete. But finally, in various ways,

helped by mapping on the surface, surface mapping, and then the geophysical data that was taken for the stones below, finally we understand how the stones that organize Indonesian geology. This is from Mr. Wayan Ardana, who made a simplification about the mega-sequence cycles in Indonesia.

This is the one that is marked, the one marked by the basin. There are many here. So if we look at it the same as before, here, the one that can be passed through the desert, because the data is oil-based. We see the Western Indonesia, Sulawesi, and Sulawesi is brought here because it is the middle part of the story. Then Eastern Indonesia. These are sedimentary cycles. The sedimentary cycles that occur

from the late Paleozoic period, as much as possible, data comes in, for example from seismic or desert, to the Tertiary.

Then the satigraphy is actually cyclical. Usually in geology, there are always cyclicals. There is a transgressive mega sequence here, for example, in Permian, followed by a regressive mega sequence. Then here there is a major alchemy, called MU2 major alchemy. Then here the mega sequence is transgressive again, and it is ended by

major maximum flooding surface here, and then here the mega-sequence is regressive again. We can see from the rock patterns, for example here, there is regressive stacking, which is ended by major on-home unity. Then it starts again here, transgressive marine again, then regressive mega-sequence again, then we see the tectonic here.

Here we have tectonics, for example, there is tension here, there is compression again, there is tension again, compression again, tension again, compression again. And it always follows. When there is tension, there is a transgressive mega sequence. When there is compression, here we have a regressive mega sequence. Tension again, transgressive mega sequence again. Then it's like that. Even though the structure follows.

When tension occurs, all the structures are related to the extension that occurs, namely normal fold, there is tilted fold, block-grabben. When compression occurs, it's the same here. When compression occurs, reverse fold or range or inversion occurs there. So you can see

These stratigraphy sequences, both from Western Indonesia, here it is metamorphosis, because he remembers that the Sumatra has been collision from the beginning, it means that metamorphosis will occur there first, compared to others. So we can see here how these stratigraphy sequences, both in Western Indonesia, Sulawesi, and Eastern Indonesia, they accommodate tectonic events.

a big line. Here it is also mentioned, the tectonic line. Then there is a Pangea break-up here. Here it is shown by transgressive marine sequence. Here there is a collision of continental blocks in Eurasia. Here it is a regressive one.

Here, there is another break-up of the Gondwana, another transgression here. Then here there is a subduction-collision, an accretion of the continental block from the Gondwana to Asia, as I described earlier. Here it is regressive again. Then here there is rifting in the western Indonesia. Here it is transgressive. Here the formation of the supports that exist in western Indonesia, right? In the Tercier's approach. Then here there is another compression, there is a subduction. Here it is again in the front, regressive. So we can check very well here.

called satigraphy, it records what happens from tectonics and then there are mirrors in the structure. Well, this is from oil production data.

from the sediments in the basin. So this is not complete, but from the seismic results and the decades of mining that have been done by many oil companies, we can see that this is the Sumatra geology like this, Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Natuna. This is only a third of the way.

Because oil companies are in tertiary, right? There are oil basements, but don't think of it as an ice-cold basement. But basements that come from sediment stones, but which have experienced metamorphism. So these are all sediment stones. Because of the importance of petroleum, this petroleum is found everywhere. These are the petroleum that are in the cracks to the basement, in the rock. Because this is not a true basement, but a sediment or metasediment.

Kalimantan is the same, and so is Natuna. This is for East Indonesia. East Indonesia, we saw the rocks that were pre-terrestrial, from Mesozoic to Late Paleozoic, they are still sedimentary. They even become the main places for oil or gas here. This is red, this is gas, and this black is oil. The satigraphy is different. This satigraphy comes from, not from the surface, from the surface, the tectonic results are uplifted.

Some of them are uplifted, and finally they are placed on the surface and then become surface mapping data from Hamilton or Sukampo. But these are data from basins, basins that are in certain depths and the sediment is there. This is also a control tectonic, because the sediment is also the result of control tectonic.

That's Satigraphy. So that's the basis of Indonesian geology in a nutshell, how tectonics and how to record Satigraphy. Now I will start to discuss the application or the implications of all of that. So we don't just talk about the tectonics and Satigraphy, that's the basis, that's just the basics.

But then it controls everything. Here I will show you how to control the evolution of life and so on. Let's first see how Geology controls the evolution of life. We start from paleogeography. This is tectonic again. These islands are spread because of tectonics. We have already seen how Indonesia was built.

At the age of Oligomyozen, around 25 million years ago, N. Oligosen, it looks like this. Java is still combined with Sumatra. Here we have some of the mountain peaks, the Continental Margin Arc. Here is still Sulawesi, it has separated between Sulawesi from Kalimantan, then here is the parts of Papua, still in the south. What is important for life is the sea here, because life comes from the sea.

because there was no land, so there was no land occupation at that time. But the fauna and flora were already in the sea. So we have a large sea area that can become a place, what is it called, Arlindo, Indonesia's archipelago at that time. For example, it can go from the Pacific to India at that time, through this, or through here, from the Pacific to India. These routes clearly show

organisms that will later be recorded in marine rocks, then it is stored in the ground. Once the marine becomes land, then we finally get the fossils. So this is a series of different paleogeographic movements. This is the next age.

Next is like this, then the next model is like this, it is similar to the shape of Indonesia now. Now the position is like this. The limiasan is a bit closed because we have a more growing volcanic route here. But we still get the seas of Indonesia from the Makassar Strait to here. All of this will control various things.

both recent biota marine growths and certain superiodo-prodia. I brought some examples, this is in the East. When I went to the East, with my friends two years ago, we had a lot of fossils here. This is an example of Belemnite. Belemnite is Jurassic age found in Wailuli Shales. This is actually a product from the time of the Jurassic age.

When he was still in his Jurassic age, he was still being married. Married to those around Indonesia. Then he died, right? This is Sumi-Sumi, actually. This is the Sumi-Sumi series, the Belemnite. Then he finally entered the Jurassic age, which we later call Wailuli. Finally, he was cut off on the land. Well, finally, this is what's here.

We can reconstruct where it is in the East. In the past, the East was still the Jurassic Ocean, the deep sea, for example. Then this is Pellissippi, for example. Pellissippi is located in Aitutu, in the Chalcylutid. Now it is in Chalcylutid or Lempung Marin, like this. That's Aitutu. This is the rock layer, like this, it's been lifted up now. This used to be all merino rocks. This is the fossil here.

Then this is Permian, so it's getting older. Jurassic, Triassic, this is Permian. We get ammonite. This is how living animals used to be in the past, in these seas. The dam is compacted, there are rocks on the land, this is an example of ammonite like this. So all of them used to live in seas like this.

in the age of polygeography, in the age of the Oligocene, we have reconstructed the ages from the Jurassic to Permian, like this. But at least it's in the Indonesian seas. Now we don't get the seas that are alive in these times. But fossils show that it can be built to reconstruct the paleogeography at that time in certain places. Now the position is like this, East Indonesia.

the islands, Indonesia is complicated, we have a deep sea basin here, this is the Sulawesi Sea, this is the northern part of Makassar, this is the southern part of Makassar, this is the Flores Sea, this is the Teluk Bone, then this is the northern Banda Sea, this is the southern Banda, and this is the Weber Desert. And here there is also the Langkal Sea, this area. This wealth actually brings amazing biota, so Indonesia is known as a coral area

ecoregion. This is one of the richest in the world. And this is because of the paleogeography condition, so Indonesia is so rich in coral. These are coral animals that build coral reefs, as well as coral fish with very colorful colors. One of Indonesia's rich in coral triangle ecoregion in the world, and this is in the world,

That's because the geographical positions of Indonesia's geology are like this. That means the geology controls the fauna and the corals. And corals, if we study, if there are friends who study corals in detail here, the coral species in Indonesia is the richest. It can be said that 75% of the world's coral species are in Indonesia. 75%. That's because the geology condition is extraordinary, so that

to give their own richness to the eco-origins of the coral reef, the coral triangle. Then for the newer animals, mammalian animals, Indonesia is also known, maybe we have known since the school days that the world of fauna in Indonesia was built on the Oriental and Australian.

Oriental is brought from the Asian region. So here we find large animals such as tigers, elephants, tapirs, etc. While here, they come from Australia. We already know, I have already told you how the reconstruction of the Indonesian island is. This is all part of Australia.

So it's no wonder why we get the endemic fauna, not endemic, Australian fauna here, while here the fauna comes from the Asian or Eurasian. That's also under the control of geology. This is what we know as the Willis line. So the Willis line is controlled by geology. Then we look at the endemic islands, for example, Sulawesi. Here we can see the spread

Asian fauna, following Eurasian Terran. While here, if we look at Australian Terran, these are Australian animals. This region, which is in the Arsir, is the Wallachian region, which means it is an endemic region. Because if we look at it now, the islands are separated by the deep sea. For example here, this is separated by the deep sea, this is all the deep sea.

So from Eurasia, there is inland sea, in the south of Makassar, from Papua, there is inland sea around Weber, etc. This means that this is an endemic area.

isolated areas. That is why in these areas, about 60% of the animals are endemic. So it's only in that area. Because it cannot be distributed to other areas because the geographical position is surrounded by deep sea. This is an example. Anoa or Babirusa, which are endemic in the area of ​​Walesia, starting from Sulawesi, then Nusa Tenggara here, to Halmahera around there.

Another example, the endemic areas, the beginning was shown by this as well. This is from the west to the east. This is Bali, Bali, then Lombok, then Sumbawa, then there is a large wellis line here, and then this wellis line here, and then Bali-Lombok, then it gets here, the endemic areas. Here in the Flores area, animals and endemic fossils are found. For example, the discovery of two lions here, it was found by Homo florensiensis and

in the swamp, animals, elephants like stegodon, which are found here as an endemic. That is also because of the influence of the geography controlled by geology. Well, there is what is called the law of island biogeography. So, large animals will experience extinction, it's called dwarfism, like from here, but small animals will experience

or gigantism. For example, this mouse becomes big, or this frog becomes a komodo. That happens in the Chlores region.

Because of the control of geology, from the sea surface, the fluctuation, then also from the inland waters around it, it caused all of this to happen. For example, this is Komodo. Komodo here, on the island of Komodo in Flores, which is a possibility is the gigantism of the water biowatts here. Because of the polar conditions, the so-called island biogeography theory takes place.

Then we also found homo floresiensis. From there, it was found in the fruit field here. This is homo floresiensis, around 50,000 or 70,000 years old. So this is actually a prediction of the possibility of Homo erectus. Because Homo erectus that we found in the desert is still as big as a human head like this. But when he went to the island of Flores, he then experienced dwarfism, this resulted in Homo floresiensis. Some opinions are like that.

Then the issue of human population, now moving to urban humans. This was also controlled by the Indonesian paleography at that time. Let's see more in detail. Here, for example, Homo erectus. Homo erectus that moved out of Africa, here, about 1.5 million years ago, because Homo erectus was erect, so it could walk straight, it also experienced migration. In the theory

to the human race or paleoanthropology, there are two things that happen. There is the theory out of Africa, all come from Africa, or the multiregional theory, or each area comes by itself. Meanwhile, what happens is the theory out of Africa. So if he comes from Africa, including the one in the Sangiran, Homo erectus, it comes from Africa. Of course, the conditions of the islands, about in Pleistocene, about 2 million years ago, will control how these human races come to the Indonesian region.

Finally, we got the findings around the Bungawan Solo here. In the Bungawan Solo stream, which is also known by geology because this is Gunung Api Lau, Gunung Api Modern, about 2 million years ago, it started to exist. Here is the Bungawan Solo River. The Bungawan Solo River is here. It was found in the red areas, the places where fossil human fossils were found, or hominids, not human fossils, hominids, like Homo erectus, for example.

This was found in the Sangiran, in several places, Homo Homo erectus was found like this. If we go into a more continuous period, this is the Indonesian palaeography here. We can see how the Sundaland position is like this. This is the Sundaland position when the ocean face is down, for example. Then now we have become the sea here, all of this. This is Malaysia here, and some of us have the sea, right? There is the Java Sea, the Karimata Strait, then we have the Malacca Strait here.

But the sea fluktuations have already affected how the ancient humans came here in the upper Pleistocene era.

So, it's been several hundred thousand years since it came here. Both the flow from Taiwan to here, and the flow from Asia, then spread to Indonesia. And we now have the places. And this means that it is controlled by geology, especially by the polygeography of how this ancient human migration. For example, in Mangkalihat.

These are rock-shaped rocks that have been classified in the Mangkalihat area. Why is it known? Because there are many traces of the ancient humans who came to that location.

This is an example. Or here, we also see the remains of the remains of the ancient human figures here. For example, there is a hand drawing here. Then if we look at the sites of the ancient human-human migration that were controlled by the distribution of rock here. This is rock, right? In Indonesia, all rocks are rock. The black one is rock. And that becomes a place of human migration. Because in this period, humans live in caves.

If it's Homo erectus, it's still in the open forest area. But if it's Homo sapiens, the older version, they own

So, the caves like in Sang Pulirang, or in Leang-Leang in Sulawesi, or in Gunung Sewo, or maybe in Ayamaru here in Papua, were once heavily occupied by ancient humans. And finally, archaeological finds also found traces of the remains of ancient humans such as these handkerchiefs. It is also controlled by geology, because these rock formations are controlled by geology. So, the friends of geology can contribute

to the friends of archaeologists who tried to find ancient settlements. Because most of them in this period, in the early Homo sapiens, they were my inhabitants. This is the last discovery.

It's in Garca. Garca is a picture of a cadas. This is a cadas, that's a cave, this is the picture, it's in the Sangkulirang cave. And this is the oldest, about 50,000 years ago. Well, this is it. Well, these are hand drawings like this. And this is big. The last findings are in Sangkulirang like this. Well, you can see how the migration of ancient humans and their heritage is also controlled by geology. Well, indeed,

the first journey is for example migration is influenced by the sea surface fluctuation. Then humans place the seagulls that are inhabited by the ancient humans, they live there. That's how geology has controlled

since marine fossils, since the Permian age, to the current humans, including humans like us. It is controlled by geology. For example, water resources, pollution, etc. All of these are controlled by things. Now I will show you how geology controls resources. We can see how plate tectonics controls

This is the source of power. You can see it. Earlier, the plate was like that. Here are the sea levels. Here are the ocean levels. These are the tectonic elements. This is the mid-oceanic ridge, this is the accretionary wedge, this is the Mahamatic Arc, including the volcanic rubble. Here is the foreign basin. Here we have the swivel spreading, for example, the continental back up. There is a continental reef, here is a high hotspot, there is another continental basin,

there is a part in the middle of the mountain or the crater, this is the rifting. Try to see the power source. This is the power source that exists by plate tectonic setting. So what does it mean? Geologists are not sharp in finding power sources. If they want to find chromium, platinum, or hydrothermal sulfide that is related to copper and zinc, where? In the mid-oceanic ridge. Can we find the current mid-oceanic ridge?

which is currently under the Banda Sea. Geologists are looking for the Mid-Oceanic Ridge. Is there? Of course there is. It means we are looking for the former closed oceanic areas because of the collision of the Terran. I have shown the reconstruction earlier. Look for it there. We will find chromium or platinum. The most detailed example is the East Sulawesi of the Violet Belt, ESOB.

It is the most vast oceanic crust in the world, or in Indonesia, it is clearly the most vast. We have nickel and chromium there, also iron. It has to do with this. But the change is, they have been in a collision since about the Mioclio, it has become compacted there. So we have the most vast oceanic crust, it's in the East Sulawesi Ovulate Belt. Then Melang.

Melang can be connected with copper, zinc, nickel, and chromium. There are also in Sulawesi. Siletuh is also melang there. Maybe he brought this sediment. We haven't looked that far.

Then, magnetic arc. Magnetic arc is already known as the line of hydrothermal and van-deposits. There is gold, there is silver, there is metamorphism contact that can produce basic metals, base metal here, there is copper, there is lead, there is zinc, there is silver, there is iron, tungsten, molybdenum, all of them are there. Foreign Basin, or what we know as the current BKK Basin, it is clearly the most productive production, that is the oil production. That's why oil is all here, and also coal.

For example, the South Sea, Central Sea, North Sea, Kalimantan, West Java, all of them are located here. East Java is located in a foreign basin. Continental rift hotspot, we haven't searched for it, but there is a mineral association.

Then there is also a basin here in the middle. If there is a basin, it must be related to oil, gas, coal, there is also hydrothermal, and so on. This is also a restricted continental margin. This is in the eastern part of Indonesia. Here there is sedimentary, there is oil, gas, coal, and for example, for this recambrian, there is beef, banded iron formation, it's rich there. By understanding Indonesia as a plate tectonic setting,

It means we can determine where we want to find our resources, whether it's minerals or energy, such as coal, oil, or gas. We don't look for it randomly. We look for it with science. Of course, there are risks too, because not all exploration works are successful.

But we have the art and science to do that. And that is controlled by geology. This is an example. This is the map of Indonesia's metallurgy. So the map of how the minerals happened, if you look closely at the picture, it's located here. Located in this area.

If I open it up here, the legend is that all the mineral distribution is here. Both for precious metals, rare earth metals, rare earth minerals, and then basic metals, there are all of them, and also iron metals. Of course, this is also controlled by plate tectonics. Controlled by plate tectonics like this.

This is the well-known route of gold mineralization, for example, this is the model. It happens here, and we have seen it, the real mineral deposits like this, starting from Cikotok, Mount Pongkor, to Batu Hijau here, to Freeport, or some of you are familiar with it, for example in Kalimantan or Sulawesi, all of these have control from tectonics, because this is a hematode route, and this is related to hydrothermal, the type of mineralization.

This is gold too, shown here, the gold-spread areas. If you look closely, this follows the control of the Mahamatic, the Mahamatic paths here, right? Both the present-time and the present-time, and the ancient, the old, the former coalition. The Mahamatic intrusions in Kalimantan, for example, they follow the former coalition areas here. Likewise, this is the former coalition, right?

including the ones in Edsburg and Gresburg, in Freeport, are gold and copper that follow the former Collision area. This is an example of a green stone mine. Green stone mine, one of the largest mines in Indonesia, the second largest.

Gold and Copper, as far as Freeport, that's the location here, and it's a young intrusion from here. So this is a hydrothermal intrusion that is related to the intrusion from the Pleiocene, there's a volcanic, then another intrusion.

Intan, this is Intan Farm, Intan Farm in Kalimantan, still a mystery because this is the secondary, but the primary is probably related to the former coalition. Because the primary Intan is usually obtained from Cretan, for example in Africa. In Africa, in Australia, in Canada, Intan is rich. And it's all related to Cretan. So the oldest parts of the continent.

In Kalimantan, we have that part, which was once broken from West Australia. For example, Paternoster and Schwerner. That's actually a part of the Terran segments from the Cretans. They still brought in TAN. Then they collided, and then eventually it became

the secondary one, once it's been eroded. This secondary one is one of them is found in Martabura. Until now, we have not yet found out where the primary one is. But we can find the primary intan by approaching the tectonic terrain. We can detail the discussion on that later. Well, this is still being repeated, so this is traditionally here,

It was traditional at that time, using traditional equipment, but it was still being searched for in a way that was being used to dig. So it was being shaken and searched like we do the stream sediment when we take minerals. Well, some of the intans were found here. Because these people have had experience for dozens or tens of years, so they could finally distinguish which glass from the coarse is the intan. This was taken and put on the tissue.

Now, we have many curves. And if you look at this, it's a bitectonic. So actually, these basins are categorized by the tectonic type. There are about 15 here. For example, the old green is intracretonic, and the young green is passive margin.

or this color is called averted rift, which means rifting that does not continue to become seafloor spreading. Then the red one is the back-up basin, while the blue one is the fore-up basin, which is called intra-arm. This is the tectonic position. And each basin has its uniqueness. So the petroleum system of each basin will be controlled by placing our basins on the tectonic setting

we can better understand the types of our basins. For example, we are asked to do exploration here in the Malawi and Ketungau Basin. If we look at this, it's a foreign basin.

But this is probably formed by the slits here. So it's similar to pull apart. So if you are an explorer, you will know what type of tectonic it is, and secondly, what is its origin, and later, the tectonic type and its origin will affect the petroleum system elements and the processes that will happen. For example, we are asked to explore the Banyumas area. This is the Banyumas area. Right now it has become an intra-arc basin.

So the basin that happens around the intra-arc, because this is the intra-arc basin here. But that may be the current position. The previous position can be different. This is the current position, these basins. While our basins are called polyhistory basins. So the basin can change the type of tectonics from time to time. For example, the back arc basin here is the current position as the mountain range is lifted, so it is the back arc position.

But before there is a lifting line, it's not a back up. Maybe I call it a foreign basin or a riveted basin. Well, it will be different, the character of the basin compared to the last tectonic position. So we have to understand the tectonic position from time to time so that we can do petroleum exploration in each basin better.

This is the path that is shaded, the proven and prospective path. This is proven, the dark one is proven. So here are our major fields, North Semarang, Central Semarang, West Natuna, East Natuna, West Java, East Java, Barito, Kutai, Tarakan, then there is the east part of Sulawesi, a little bit in the south, here in Kepala Burung.

But the prospective area is large, it can be here, the shading color, it can be in the Java Sea here, it can be in the Sea of ​​the Makassar Peninsula, it can be in Gorontalo here, it can be in Busur Banda, or in Papua. If you do a better investigation, all of these paths follow tectonics.

These paths are connected to the tectonic. Likewise with the division of basin here, or these islands. These are the existing fields. The fields that have been found in Indonesia, which we saw earlier, the position is following the slope. This is the slope. This is an example. This is the oil production canal off the coast of North, East, and West Java. Not far from the coastline. We can still see the waves here. So this is very close to the coastline.

That's an example of wealth in the northwestern part of the north. Or maybe the older one, Wonot Solo here. This is the Wonot Solo field. We can still see the old bricks that were built from bamboo or wood here. This is now a tourist area, the old field of Wonot Solo. Because it has been producing oil for more than 100 years. We can still find oils like this. And this is still producing oil.

geology controls the distribution. We have basins like this. And these basins, if you look closely, follow our tectonic settings. The red one is the producing area, so our oil and gas production is currently coming from this red area, while the green one has been bore, but not yet

there is discovery but it is not produced yet because it still needs to be developed or explored further. While the orange one is already made but not yet found. It doesn't mean there is no oil, we haven't found the right position to do mining. While the yellow one is the one that has not been mined. If we apply our tectonic map here, all of this is controlled by the tectonic. The basins are scattered.

and satigraphy inside it. We have discussed each of the satigraphy. And it's also wide. We can not only play in the tertiary, but also play in the pre-tertiary. Then this is Batubara. Batubara is more or less following the sediments, because it is in the same place. This is the sediment that is yellow,

paleogen. The red one is the opposite. This is the difference between the red and the brown one. This is the measured areas. While this green one is all the red ones. So our rocks are in North Sumatra, Central Sumatra, Kalimantan, especially in East Kalimantan. In Java there are also paleogens, especially in

in the southern part, in Kepala Burung, some in Papua, and also in Seram. So it's quite rich. Because we are also following the sedimentation process in the mi-gas ponds. So this rock is also in these positions. So when we explore mi-gas here, we also explore rock, because it is in the same position. Even sometimes the rock oils or gases.

This is an example of a stone field in Warukin, in Myosin, in Mount Meratus. This is the former mining site, which was empty, then rehabilitated, and now it's a lake. Geothermal. Geothermal will follow the volcanic channels. And these are our volcanic channels, which are in the quarters, both from the mountain type

Mountain A or Mountain B, usually, Mountain A and Mountain B are volcanic channels that can produce geothermal. So geothermal distribution, whether it's already producing, this blue one, or it can be exploitable, this yellow one, it follows volcanic channels, either to Sulawesi or here. These are still volcanic channels.

Some follow the parallel lines like in this area, but no one has been developed yet. Those who follow the parallel lines mostly follow the volcanic lines. And Indonesia is one of the biggest countries with the potential for global warming. In the world, it has been estimated that there are about 40,000 megawatts of electricity for geothermal. Indonesia stores more than half of it, 22,000 megawatts. But what has been developed is only about 2,000 megawatts, so only about 10%.

So the future challenge is for development, not for exploration. The future exploration is still, the future development is still wide. But we are not lacking, there is a lot of geothermal energy. This is an example of geothermal expression in the west of Mount Patuha. This is in the form of a hot fumarole that comes out of the earth, which shows geothermal manifestations. Okay, now control over disaster.

We also know that because of the "Lempeng" technique, the position of Indonesia here, we are in areas that are full of the epicenter of the earthquake. These red dots are the dam, while the green ones are the middle earthquake, 100-300 km, while the blue ones are the deep ones, more than 300 km. What's dangerous is actually the red ones.

because it is close to the surface, close to human's crust, so it can cause earthquakes. And it has happened, it has happened. The important thing is that we have to believe, not believe, but admit that we are living and sleeping with earthquakes. So it means we have to be ready. Those who live in Bandung, like me, live in Bogor, especially in Jogja, in Padang, it is close to earthquakes. In West Sulawesi,

areas that are close to the earthquake. So we have to know how to evacuate ourselves during the earthquake and we also have to prepare our houses for what happens if the earthquake happens. For example, we don't put heavy items on the cabinets, don't hang heavy pictures on the wall, for example. Then we have to know how to evacuate ourselves during the earthquake. And that is also conveyed to our house residents.

Then, to build houses in the flood area, we have to follow the earthquake code. The earthquake code, as happened in Japan yesterday, there was a big earthquake, 7.2, but it was a little damage because they were already very enthusiastic about how to build a building that was not easily damaged by the flood.

That's the earthquake, which can happen anytime, it is also controlled by the plate tectonics. Then this is Gunung Api. If it's Gunung Api, it's easier for us to see it, because the process is complex, so it can be categorized from normal to watchful, watchful to watchful, watchful to watchful. So it means we can see the classes and we can evacuate faster than the earthquake.

This is also controlled by tectonic control. Because we have seen that the position is always at the edge of the slope like this. In the form of a three-dimensional image, it's like this. We have Indian Ocean Slope that is sinking below Java, then at a depth of 100-200 km, as we have seen, it produces a partial melting magma that will rise, then it will turn into a volcano on the surface. Meanwhile, this area is also in stress that is compressive.

At some point, this rock will fail, and then it will break and cause earthquakes in these locations. So we already know how the area of the earthquake is, and this has been determined by several earthquakes that have occurred, including the largest earthquake that has ever occurred in Indonesia, about 9.1 magnitude.

the biggest one that has ever happened in Aceh, then some big ones in Sumatra, in Java, here, the mitigation must also be monitored, even though it won't be as big as in Sumatra. Then in Sulawesi, for example, earthquakes related to tectonics, also with structures, for example, with the rise that happened in Majene area, for example. Majene is full of voltras, right? Even to the surface, even to the bottom of the sea. This means that there are earthquakes related to

- The rise. Here are some pictures, for example, the eruption happened in Jogja in 2006. 6.2 magnitude, but also a lot of victims because the buildings were not ready for the eruption. This is the eruption of Gunung Klut. In Gunung Klut, the victims are not too many, usually because they can be evacuated faster than such a eruption.

In the morning, people are not ready, and the house collapses. There are many victims, up to 6,000 or more. That's the case with the earthquake. As for this one, Mount Kelut, it can be predicted, there are also posts. If the post is an earthquake, there is no one. At most, there are measurements, right? But when it comes to observing the earthquake, there is no one. At most, those who post the fire mountain can see that the mountain is active.

Because there are many earthquakes, the Mahamaya is moving higher and higher, and at some point it can cause volcanic eruptions. This is a tsunami, Aceh tsunami, with the most victims, more than 200,000 people. This is also an earthquake and I didn't expect it to be this big. I also went to Aceh a few years ago twice to ask or consult the survivors, and the story is also interesting, even though

It's scary to hear it because the earthquake was there for 10 minutes, 9 minutes exactly. Imagine 9 minutes of earthquake with a strength of 9.1. No one can stand with such a earthquake. 9.1 was there for 9 minutes because the rupture was big. So as long as the rupture was there, because the rupture was from the top to the ceiling, the rupture was damaged or the crack under it was

until it was about 2,000 km long, and it was hit in 2 minutes, 9 minutes. So for 9 minutes, the residents around North Sumatra experienced a tsunami. So no one could stand up. Everyone immediately sat down again, sat down again, sat down again, sat down again, fell again, dizzy, etc. Then suddenly a tsunami came. So that's why the victims were huge. Well, we also know that because of the tsunami, there is a push-gen,

The National Forest Service is under the Ministry of Public Works. Well, it has mitigated the area of large forests, the big ones are dark colors, the small ones are blue. So if it's safe, it's in East Sumatra, here in Bangka Belitung, in West Kalimantan, here in West Kalimantan, then in South Papua. The rest are all forest areas, mostly. First in the west of Sumatra, in South Java, here,

There are several crossroads in Sulawesi, including Majenimamuju, which is also black in color here, then Palukoro, because we have a border between Palukoro and Matano, against Nopo here, then the north part of Kepala Burung, the middle part. We can see the victims here. How many people live here? It can be calculated. How many people live here, how many here, how many here, how many here. Even though it's dark black, there are very few people here. So maybe this is not a disaster.

Even though a big earthquake happened, on the surface, for example, there was a 7.2 earthquake here. But that's in the middle of the mountains, there are no people there. That's just a geological process. But 7.2 happened here, for example, that's another story. Now this is a tsunami area. The areas where there is a tsunami will probably experience a tsunami here.

The red ones are high, they are on the West coast of Sumatra, South Java, there are also some here, not all of them are high, because the medium ones are also here. Then we see, so the red ones are the ones with high tsunami impacts. The yellow ones are medium, while the low ones are green. Well, they are around here, right? On the East coast of Sumatra, the North Java coast, it is relatively medium, then the South coast of Kalimantan and the West coast, because this is around Sundaland, right?

While other fish are in deep waters, if there is a tsunami, they will experience a pretty good tsunami if the tsunami is in the sea. Okay, lastly, we need to control the legacy of geology. As I said earlier, in the past 10 years, our interest in tourism has developed, especially in places with a geological nuance.

That's because we have geological heritage that develops in certain areas. The Ministry of Education and Development has already known that, including Geology 4, there are also many activists there by establishing a research center, a research center for geoparks, for example. Now, 110 potentials of Nusantara geological heritage have been listed here. What does it mean? In this area, geological heritage is being developed. Geological heritage. Here, the geological heritage area will be developed and will be a place for

both the public, visitors, and geologists to learn. Because Geology Heritage can also be a place for geologists to learn. Because the object is on the field. That's the first laboratory for geologists. Why are students invited to Karangsambung, to Ciletuh, to places with good facilities? Because it's for learning.

The students study, then the experts study in the places of geology heritage. Now this has been classified as 110. It means that the classification has been recorded, there are more complete documents. Of course, there are many more that have not been classified. But this one that has been classified, there are 110, the division. Later it can be seen in more detail, one by one.

The government has also addressed these issues well by establishing related regulations. For example, there are regulations on geoparks, even the President's Regulations. For geology heritage, there is a permit, the ministerial regulations here. This is an example, released in 2020, number 1. Here, we can define what is the diversity of geology.

The diversity of geology is a unique image of geological components such as minerals, rocks, fossils, geological structures, and natural rocks. This is what makes the richness of a region real, as well as the existence of the richness of the spread and the condition that can represent the process of the evolution of the region's geology. Well, I have definitely told you about the complexity of the complexity of the Indonesian geology.

Of course, it will cause a high diversity of geology. Later, the diversity of geology will become a legacy of geology. We know how the geology process happens, it takes millions of years, even the elaboration, it won't happen again.

for example, it is damaged or buried or lost, the legacy will be lost, it will not be repeated. Because we know how long it takes and how difficult it is to be formed. So, the legacy of geology is the diversity of geology, geodiversity, which has more value as a legacy.

heritage that is definitely valuable. Because it is a record that has been or is happening on Earth, which is highly valuable, rare, unique, and beautiful, so that it can be used for the needs of research and education on the Earth. That is a geological heritage. Of course, friends and students in geology must pay close attention to what is called a geological heritage.

So even though you don't move in geology heritage or geology diversity, actually what we face every day is geology heritage. Then the site, if the site is the place, the object itself, that is the geosite, the site of geology heritage. That is a geology heritage object with certain characteristics, both individual, so one by one, or a multi-object group, which is an inseparable part of a story of the evolution of the formation of a region.

Well, the one who has to be fresh is the geosite. And that's not easy. If it's already flooded with other interests, we can't do anything. For example, there is an area that is bought by a mining company, then the company is mining. Can we ban it? No. For example, we say, "Oh, that's a geological heritage, sir, it can't be mined." Who cares? They need the mining.

The mining must be bought, not just regulated. Or they already have permission to mine there. What does it mean? It means that mining is allowed there, right? It's gone, it's gone, and it never happened again. So what is called geosite, in my experience, if you want to mine, you have to buy the area, not just regulated. - Well, here are some examples.

It can be from fossils, it can be from natural shapes like this, for example, kawah here, geohistory, good geomorphology, good natural shapes, mineralogy, unique rocks, geothermal effects like this, or structures, shapes like that, all of these are geological heritage. Of course, friends are already very familiar with geological heritage because we see the details of rocks on the field.

I will show you some photos later, the last slide will show some photos, especially the results of our activities in Geotrack Indonesia to visit the famous geosites. Both those that have been set up and those that have not. This is Anak Krakatoa. Anak Krakatoa and we have seen it very close to the eruption in July 2018 when Krakatoa was still good as a mountain, not yet gone.

then a tsunami occurred. That was in December 2018. We were there in July, and we were still able to get close to 1 km from the center of the eruption. So the last limit was in this forest.

Because most of the eruptions ran to the west, to the west of the ocean. This is the east of the ocean, this is the border of the forest. But now there are no more forests. Because the eruptions continued until December, finally all the forests were gone. So now in Krakatoa it is completely empty. It returned to its original shape in 1883, approximately. But we can see it closer. Even at that time, me and my friends were sleeping.

in the Krakatoa Islands near the coast. It was still allowed in July. Then in the morning, we saw an eruption like this and then erupted from Krakatoa at that time. So, it has its own charm. Sleeping while there was a eruption all night long. That has its own sensation. Now this time, the lava of Bantal Ciletu

Ciletuh lava. This is also my description, in the past, in 1988, I made a description here. This is Ciletuh lava. So this is a lava that comes out of the deep sea. Basaltic, so it forms a raft. We can't see its shape now. Maybe what we have now is in the Banda Sea. In the Banda Sea, in certain depths, it can form a raft because of the high water pressure. Well, we have

The age of the researches is actually paleogenic, not pre-terrestrial. This is lava, interesting to see. It used to be from a depth of less than 5,000 meters. Now it's been excavated in Ciletuh. This is a geological heritage.

Because we don't have any other forms. There is one more, for example, in Karangsambung, Karaklong, and in Sulawesi. There are some places where the subduction complexes have lava. This is in Cimarindung, the water of Cimarindung Falls, and this shows the activities of the Purba volcano. Because these are tuff, all tuff. Tuff that mixes with sand. So these are former submarine volcanoes.

with the volcanic air, and it came out in Jampang Volcanic, around the age of Oli Gosen, 20 million years ago, the Cikarang Formation, all these layers, and then it was lifted up into a plateau, the Jampang Plateau, then it was flooded by the river, and the river tripped in several places. This is the water that is closest to the sea, Cimarinjung, in Celetuf, it is also famous.

Batu Gamping in Cijulang, Siamis. This is known as the Green Canyon. Because we have a canyon, a riverbed, with many trees and leaves, so it's green. But the important thing for geologists is the rock here. If you learn about rock here, it's very fun. We can learn here while body rafting. So this is called body rafting.

So we are self-sufficient. We are self-sufficient by using various safety equipment including a sailboat. So we just sail along the water. While learning, we stop at several places to learn the gumping. This is an extraordinary and good gumping. And along the 1 km, we traverse this river by self-sufficient. We can see various gumping ornaments. Of course, this is a unique geological heritage because it is rare to have something like this.

This is in Jogja, in the south of Patok, in the Monosari region. These are piles of tuff, known as Semilir Tuff, Semilir Mountains. And this is an extraordinary mountain of fire, maybe a class of Toba. Because we can see that the Tuba is very thick here.

If we look here, it's still epiklastic, so it's still mixed with sand and sandstone. But this is all pyroclastic, it's all tuff, and it's very thick. So we can tell that the periodofolkanism between this and this is different. And the eruption is very large, and the area is wide. It was reconstructed by several researchers from the UK,

Helen Smith once wrote a paper titled "Semilir is a class of Toba." So it's paroxysmal. So the volcanic explosivity index can be 8 maximum. That's the oldest semilir volcano. 20 million years ago, it was a volcano. This is a geological heritage. A geological heritage that we learned, it's also good to see this view. For geologists, this is very meaningful. We can learn about the deposition of volcanic deposits like this.

This is the best cave in Indonesia, Rinjani Cave, which shows the Rinjani Fire Mountain. And now we know this is also a big fire mountain, because we have the Samalas Fire Mountain here, which exploded in 1257 AD and caused a big catastrophe, then it became Rinjani Mountain now. Well, this is a great cave, the view, even though it's hard to climb the mountain. I once climbed the mountain there to Rinjani in 2016, it didn't reach the peak because it was too tired.

The view is very beautiful. This is the second highest mountain in Indonesia, if you've been to Rinci. But this is the most beautiful and the best mountain, Rinjani. Of course, this is a geological heritage and can be the most unique geopark. And now Rinjani has become an international geopark. Tambora. This is Tambora. We from Geotrek Indonesia in 2018 also went up here to the peaks. This is actually the mouth of the caldera. The mountain is gone.

Maybe about 2000 meters, the mountain was lost. Because it was estimated that the height was around 4000 meters, now it's around 2850 meters. So it's about 1200 meters away. It's a disaster. There is a small fire mountain here, Doroapitoyi, here it's small. This is what caused the smoke and the small lake here. And this is a

the largest in Indonesia, which is 7 kilometers. So you can imagine, it was 1815 at that time, and 1816 caused the absence of a hot season in all parts of the world, in the north. And that caused a great famine.

So the victims in Indonesia are around 91,000, but in Europe and North America, hundreds of thousands died a year later because of the effect of this mountain. And this mountain has already formed new countries in America. So the new countries that are now developing in the South America are because of this mountain. Can you imagine the relationship? Because at that time,

The story is that Napoleon lost to Russia because the cold season was unpredictable.

- The loss is due to the logistics, Napoleon. - Yes, that's right. And that's interesting. Some states that are developing in America now, such as the South, such as Texas, California, and others, which are in the South, are formed because of this mountain. Because they used to live in the north, near Canada, then because of this mountain, in 1816 it was so cold, so the snow line moved to the south, the snow line.

So what happened? People there distributed to the areas further south. Well, new countries were formed there. Well, it turns out that the history goes back to there. Because in Indonesia, because of this Tambora. I mean what you just told, Napoleon Bonaparte's defeat. This is the Tambora range, when we were there, the view was amazing.

This is very Instagrammable, Padar Island, but it actually tells the story of volcanic rock that is mixed with carbonate rocks. So this is a submarine, all of these are volcanic submarines. Submarine volcanic, around the age of Pliocene, it was lifted up, and now it becomes a beautiful sight. People often take photos here, but in terms of geology, this is actually a submarine volcanic cliff.

This is a cave in South Sumbawa. It's the same, it's carbonate. There used to be a lot of carbonate in South Java, for example in Jogja, it's Wonosari, in Jampang, it's Bojonglopak, then it goes to Banyuwangi, and finally it crosses to Bali, Lombok, and then to Sumbawa. These are the carbonates that are about the same age as the late Myosen.

In Lombok, it's called Ekas Formation. If you are from Lombok, you may know. This is the lift, so it became a good view. Then this is the best view in Sumba, in Myosin, Myo-Plyo actually, in Waimarang, in Sumba, this is the Geotrack Indonesia group. We went there and it was amazing, good and fresh to swim here. Especially if you have been trekking for hours, entering here is really "nyes" .

This is what is interesting, the concept of mass transport deposit. So it is a structure that is developing very rapidly. This is from the Kananggar Formation, it contains mineral and volcanic deposits,

from Sumba Island, then it collapsed to the basin, to the basin in the west of the East. While it was floating, it made mass transport deposits like this. So these folds are not folds from far-field stress but near-field stress. So it was formed by progression or when it was sliding. So this is gravity tectonic. When it was floating, it made anti-clean like this. It was extremely good there.

This is an untouched area, but it provides extraordinary heritage. Then the East. In the East, we almost see all of this, the folds, then also the satigraphy, because it's all a collision area. Collision in the making, right? The East is being built by Australia from the south, so the layers are always standing firm like this.

If we want to learn a complex geological structure, it has to go to the east. There are all of them. For example, there is a fold here, it is broken again, it is lifted high, this is a layer of Aetutu, Calcileutid, a clay rock, Argyllisius limestone in the deep sea, which is then lifted at the age of Cretaceous. Okay, that's about what I can say. Hopefully it will be useful for all of you. I presented for two hours, telling about geology and

and the application or control is more precise towards Indonesia. Earlier, you have seen how complicated Indonesia's tectonics is, then recorded by the scientific graph, and all the applications, both for the ecosystem, and for the power, and the technology, we keep them together. Okay, I will end it, then I will return it to, who wants to be a moderator? Who?