RUANG LINGKUP BIOLOGI : BIOLOGI KELAS 10 SMA

[Music]

Hello kids, how are you?

I hope you are always healthy. Meet

again with Kak Febri. Still on the

Sigma Smart Study learning channel. In

this video we will learn about the

scope of biology. The material is for

grade 10. Well, but before we learn,

don't forget for those who haven't subscribed,

subscribe to the channel first, like

the videos and share them with

your friends as much as possible

so we can learn together on

this channel.

First of all, we will discuss

the meaning of biology. What is

biology actually? Well, biology actually

consists of two words from Greek,

namely bios and logos. Where bios

means living things. and logos

means science. So

we can conclude that biology is the science

that studies living things.

Furthermore, in biology there is something

called the level of organization of life. The

levels of organization of life are

levels that start from the

simplest parts of living things

to the most complex. Each

level of life organization

has an important role in

studying biology.

At the simplest level of organization of life

are atoms or

molecules. Then the molecules

form organelles. The organelles will then

combine within a cell. Well,

these cells are the smallest structural units of

living things that will combine

to form tissue. Tissues

combine to form organs. Then

these organs will combine

to form a special system

called an organ system. The

organ systems then combine to form an

organism or what we usually call an

individual. Individuals of the

same species form a population.

Then the populations combine to

form communities and the

communities combine to form

ecosystems until finally the ecosystems

form a large plain

called a biome. Biomes will

combine to form the biosphere. The biosphere

is the largest level of

organization of life. So, here

are the meanings of each.

Cells are the smallest structural and

functional units of living things. So

something is said to be alive if it consists

of at least one cell. Then tissue

is a group of cells that have the

same structure and function. Examples include

epithelium, connective, supporting, muscle and

nerve. Organs are a group of tissues

that carry out certain functions in the

body of living creatures. for example the heart,

stomach, liver, etc. An

organ system is a group of organs that

perform a specific physiological function.

For example, the respiratory system consists

of the nose, trachea, lungs, and

so on. Then organisms are individuals

or species that we can

identify. For example, a deer,

an ant, etc. A population

is a group of individuals of the

same species that live and interact

in a particular area. A community

is a collection of populations of living things

from various species that live and

interact in an area. Then,

an ecosystem is a collection of

biotic factors or living things and abiotic,

namely non-living elements that live

side by side. A biome is a

large area of ​​land with certain types of plants and

animals. Examples include desert biomes,

taiga biomes, tundra biomes, and

so on. Then the biggest is the

biosphere. The biosphere is all the

biomes and organisms that exist on planet

Earth.

We must understand each level of

living organisms to

know which

level of life organization each biological problem is at

. Biological problems can

occur at every level of

life organization. First, the

molecular level. At the molecular level,

biological problems can occur due to

abnormalities in the process of

hemoglobin formation. Meanwhile, at the cellular level,

biological problems can occur,

for example, in abnormal red blood cells

that form a crescent shape,

commonly known as cyclemia.

Then at the tissue level there are examples of

biological problems in the form of

osteoporosis disorders in bone tissue

which cause calcification and bones

to become brittle. Then at the

organ level, an example of a biological problem

is an abnormality in the eye organ so that

vision is not normal. At the

organ system level, an example is

respiratory system disorders due to COVID virus infection

. Then, at the organism level,

for example, a person's body is

weakened because the body is infected by the

COVID virus. Furthermore, at the

population level, an example is the spread of the

COVID virus from one person to

another. At the community level. An example

is the impact of wild bird capture

on the survival of

other populations in a

food chain. At the ecosystem level, an

example is deforestation

to clear land for agriculture which can

threaten wildlife habitats. And at the

biome level, for example,

the melting of polar ice can

threaten the survival of vegetation

and animals in the tundra biome.

So, those are examples of

biological problems at every level of

life organization. You can rewrite

everything in your notebook, okay?

Next we will discuss the

branches of biology.

As we have discussed at the beginning,

biology is the science that studies

living things. Well, there are so

many living creatures. That is why

biology has many

branches of science such as genetics which

studies the inheritance of traits,

cytology which studies the structure of cells,

histology which studies tissue,

and anatomy which studies the shape

and structure of the bodies of living things.

Physiology studies the functions of the bodies of

living things, morphology studies the

external form of the bodies of living things.

There is also embryology which studies

the development of organisms from embryo

to birth. Then there is teratology which

studies defects in

embryonic development. Then pathology

studies the characteristics and development of

diseases. Well, this science of pathology is

also commonly called medical science

. And immunology which studies the

immune system. Then virology

studies viruses. Microbiology

studies microorganisms.

Botany is the study of plants.

Zoology studies animals.

Ecology studies the

reciprocal relationship between living things and

their environment.

Then, bacteriology studies

bacteria and their life.

Entomology studies insects and

their lives. Evolution studies the

development of living things from the

simplest to the most

complex forms. Then, ornithology studies

birds and the ins and outs of

their lives. And taxonomy which

studies the classification of

living things.

So, those are the branches of

biology. Apart from that, there are many more,

yes. Well, then

these branches of biology are utilized by humans

in various fields. Well, the

first benefit of biology that we see is in the

medical field. There are several benefits of

biology in the medical field, such as

by using cytology and

histology, humans can develop test

tube babies and organ transplant techniques

.

By using microbiology,

we can study diseases

caused by microorganism infections

and by using virology,

we can study the process of making

vaccines. The

next use of biology

is in the agricultural sector. By

using botany, histology, genetics,

and biotechnology, we can

develop tissue culture technology,

transgenic plants, biopesticides, and

much more. Then in the field of

animal husbandry with the science of zoology,

animal anatomy, animal physiology, and genetics,

we can produce

superior livestock through crossbreeding or

hybridization or with

artificial insemination. In the field of mining with

ecology and microbiology, we can

purify metals using the bacteria

thiobacilus ferooxidans. Then in the

industrial sector with the sciences of zoology,

botany, taxonomy, microbiology,

biochemistry, and biotechnology, we can

utilize certain substances

produced by living things and

we can utilize them for industry.

So, next we will discuss the

scientific method. The scientific method

is a systematic set of steps

taken by a researcher to

explain natural phenomena or problems

that occur. So, the steps of the

scientific method are divided into five. The

first is to formulate the problem.

Once the problem is formulated, we can

start making observations or

collecting data. Then after the data

is collected, we can make a

temporary analysis which we call a hypothesis.

To prove a hypothesis, we

conduct trials or experiments.

So, the results of the experiment are what

we call the

conclusions of the research.

[Music]

So, in formulating the problem

we need to pay attention to the relationship between

the variables in the research. There are

several research variables that

we need to know. The first is the

independent variable. An independent variable is a

variable that is intentionally changed or

made different to see its effect

on the results of the experiment. Second, the

dependent variable. namely the variable that is

measured or observed as the result of

an experiment or the result of the treatment of the

independent variable. Then the third is the

control variable, namely the variable that is

made constant or made the same. Well,

let's see an example, shall we? In formulating

a problem, it is usually marked with a

question sentence. For example, is there any effect of

the intensity of fertilizer application on

corn growth? Or we can make the

question sentence, does the intensity of

fertilizer application affect

corn growth? So, from the problem formulation

above, we can determine the

independent variables and the dependent variables.

Does the intensity of fertilizer application

affect corn growth? So,

the intensity of fertilizer application is the

independent variable or

treatment variable. While

corn growth is the dependent variable.

That's how to determine

independent variables and dependent variables. So, to make it

clearer, let's look at the

following example question again. Pay attention to

the following experimental results notes. There are three

sprouts. So we

germinate three seeds. Then the

seeds are treated with

light,

fertilizer

and water content. Then

we can see the growth results after 3 days. In a

dark place 9 cm, in a

dim place 5 cm, and in a bright place

3 cm. So, from the data above we can

determine that the first thing we should look at is the

independent variable. Independent variables are

variables that vary. What is made

different is the light. Next, the

dependent variable. This is a variable that

is the result of the treatment of the independent variable

or the result of the experiment, namely the

growth of the sprouts. The

control variable is the variable that is kept

the same. We can see that what is made the same is the

water content, both are 50 ml. Then

B, the appropriate research title is the

effect of light on germination.

Because as we have

learned earlier, the independent variable is placed at

the beginning of the sentence and the result is placed at

the end of the sentence.

Then the problem formulation, as

we have learned earlier, the

problem formulation is usually in the form of a

question. So, from the title we add a

question word at the beginning. Does

light have any effect on germination? Well, that's the

problem formulation. Then, with the

existing problem formulation and the

variables we have, we

make a temporary analysis of hypothesis 0

and hypothesis 1. Hypothesis 0 states that there is

no effect of light on

germination. Hypothesis 1 states that

there is an influence of light on

germination.

Then, from the recorded research results,

we can conclude that light

actually affects germination.

It has been proven that in dark places the sprouts are the

longest. Then in a

bright place the smallest sprouts. So

we can conclude that growth in

dark places is faster.

Okay, kids. Next we will

learn about work safety

in the laboratory. The laboratory contains

many

dangerous materials. That's why we have to

pay attention to work safety in the

laboratory. There are several rules

that we must obey, such as

wearing special laboratory clothes or

lab clothes when in the laboratory.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke in the

laboratory. Wear a nose and

mouth cover, goggles, and gloves when

handling

volatile and hazardous chemicals. Then, women and

men who have long hair must

tie it up because long hair that is not

tied up can cause accidents

when working in the laboratory. Then

also use tools such as

glass pipes, dropper pipes, plastic spoons or

tweezers to take substances or

chemicals.

[Music]

Because

there are many hazardous materials in the laboratory,

you must know the symbols for

hazardous substances. There are several types of

symbols for hazardous materials. So,

firstly, if you find a symbol

like this, it means the substance is

flammable. Examples include alcohol and gasoline.

How to handle it: we have to

keep it away from fire or heat.

Then if you find

this second symbol, it means the substance is

explosive. An example is a mixture of

hydrogen and a mixture of water. The way

to handle it is to use the substance

according to the correct procedure

.

Thirdly, if you see a symbol

like this, it means the substance is

corrosive. Examples are strong acids and bases

. The way to handle it is that we

have to prevent

direct contact. The fourth symbol means

poisonous or toxic substances. Examples include

strong acids and bases. The way to handle it is to

not let it be drunk, eaten, or

tasted.

Then the fifth symbol means the substance is

stimulant and causes

irritation. Examples are strong acids and bases. Let's

not inhale it.

Sixth, the symbol indicates that the material is a

radioactive compound. Examples include

uranium and radium. The solution is that

we have to pay attention to

safety rules if we have to

use it. So, those were some of the

symbols for hazardous substances.

Okay, kids. That was the material

we had finished discussing regarding the

scope of biology. Hopefully it can be

understood. If you feel it's too

fast, you can adjust the speed in the

playback speed menu and you can

re-record it in your notebook.

Keep up the spirit of learning.

[Music]

Yeah.