BIOLOGI SMA Kelas 12 - Metabolisme Part 2 (Katabolisme) | GIA Academy

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In the previous video, we have discussed the concept of metabolism. We know that the metabolism process can be accelerated by enzymes as a biocatalyzer. And in the same video, we also discussed about enzymes. Now we will continue discussing about the metabolism processes, which consist of catabolism and anabolism.

Catabolism is a process of complex tissue separation to be simpler and at the end of the process can produce energy while anabolism on the other hand, arranging simple tissue into a complex and in the process requires energy Well, because of the complex process that occurs in these two types of metabolism in this video we focus on discussing catabolism keep watching the video

So now we know the concept of catabolism, namely the process of using complex particles to become simple particles. This process produces energy, so it is also called an exergonic reaction. Through this catabolism process, the energy produced can be used to do various actions.

the energy is ATP the catabolism process that occurs in the human body comes from foods such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats one example of catabolism is cell respiration cell respiration uses organic molecules from foods such as sugar and oxygen to produce energy stored in ATP, carbon dioxide and water

Well, based on the need for oxygen, the catabolism is divided into two, namely: Aerobic breathing is a breathing that requires oxygen free from the air to generate energy and Aerobic breathing, namely breathing that does not require oxygen to generate energy

first aerobic respiration respiration that needs oxygen cell respiration that we have discussed before is an example of aerobic respiration organelles cells that function in performing energy formation tasks in this respiration process is mitochondria the reaction ratio in aerobic respiration is C6H12O6 +

6 o2 to 6 co2 + 6 h2o + ATP the aerobic respiration process changes the chemical energy contained in the food chain or glucose into chemical energy in the form of ATP aerobic respiration can be distinguished into four stages, namely glycolysis oxidative decarboxylation

and electron transport. We will discuss these aerobic breathing stages one by one.

The first stage is glycolysis. Glycolysis is a series of glucose-to-acid-toxin reactions by producing NADH and ATP. The glycolysis reaction ratio is: glucose + 2 ADP + 2 NAD to 2 acid-toxin + 2 ATP + 2 NADH. This reaction occurs in cytosol.

The glycolysis process is divided into 9 stages. Glycolysis begins with phosphorylation of glucose or 6 atoms C, forming glucose 6-phosphate. Glucose 6-phosphate experiences isomerization into fructose 6-phosphate. 6-phosphate fructose experiences phosphorylation

into fructose 1.6-biphosphate after that, it experiences isomerization or separation into phosphoglyceroldehyde phosphoglyceroldehyde experiences oxidation and turns into 1.3-biphosphoglycerate

1.3 before so glycerin is a high substance with the help of phosphoglycerin kinase 1.3 before so glycerin turns into three phosphoglycerin after that gives a summarization of two phosphoglycerin then turns into a phosphoenol pyruvate then into a pyruvate acid at stage 1-

4. Glycolysis process requires ATP, then in stages 5-9 produces ATP. Well, friends, this is a note for the glycolysis stage according to our discussion earlier, you can understand it.

The second stage of aerobic respiration is oxidative decarboxylation. Oxidative decarboxylation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix for eukaryotes, while in prokaryotic cells it occurs in cytosol or cytoplasmic fluid. The combination of oxidative decarboxylation reactions is: -Pyrrhic acid + Coenzyme A, turns into Acetyl CoA + CO2

Every acid that is produced by glycolysis will be changed to acetyl CoA or Coenzyme A This acid will undergo decarboxylation so that the carboxyl acid will disappear as CO2 and will diffuse

out of the cell. Two carbon deposits left will then oxidize so that hydrogen deposits are released and captured by the NAD+ electron acceptor to form NADH. Pyruvate acid is changed to acetyl CoA by producing NADH and releasing CO2.

The next aerobic breathing stage is the scrap cycle This cycle is also called citrate acid cycle The scrap cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix in the eukaryotic group while in the prokaryotic group it occurs in the cytoplasm From the scrap cycle reaction, 4 CO2 + 2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2

The first stage of the Siklus Krebs cycle is the process of forming citrate In this process, the combination of acetyl-CoA molecules with oxaloacetate forms citrate acid which is helped by the synthesis citrate enzyme Citrate produced from the previous process is then changed to isocitrate with the help of the enzyme acotinase which contains Fe2+

there is a process of decarboxylation or first collapse. Isocitrate formed from the previous stage is oxidized into oxalo-succinate which is bound by the dehydrogenase isocitrate enzyme. In this stage, isocitrate is also changed to alpha-ketoglutarate by the same enzyme and is used by NADH. There is a process of changing alpha-ketoglutarate into succinyl-CoA

by the complex alpha-ketoglutarate enzyme and the oxidation process succinyl-CoA is then changed to succinate acid not only is the enzyme used, this stage of change is also used by MG2+ and GDP which with phosphate forms GTP GTP is what is changed to ATP

Succinate acid will be oxidized into fumarate acid with the help of dehydrogenase succinate enzyme At this stage, hydrogen atoms are added to the carbon bond to produce a product of malate acid Malate acid is then oxidized to produce oxaloacetate acid which is helped by dehydrogenase malate enzyme Oxaloacetate acid will be caught by acetyl-CoA and the cycle scrap is repeated

Friends, this is a note for the scrap cycle and the last stage of aerobic respiration is electron transfer electron transfer is a series of events of electron and hydrogen ion transfer or H+ electron transfer function oxidizes NADH and FADH2 into ATP

Each reaction result from the previous stage will be converted into ATP in the electron transport 1 NADH = 3 ATP and 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP

There is a difference between the number of ATP produced by the eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms In the eukaryotic organism NADH and FADH2 oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial membrane However, the glycolysis-producing NADH

formed in the cytosol, as a result, the NADH must be inserted into the mitochondria. The transfer of 2 NADH of glycolysis results requires 2 ATP. Thus, the total number of ATP produced is 36.

Prokaryotic organisms do not have mitochondria, so there is no ATP reduction for the transfer of NADH into the mitochondria The total number of ATP produced by prokaryotic microorganisms is 38 So far you can understand this aerobic respiration

Next, anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration is also called fermentation reaction, namely the process of using carbohydrates into another substance without the help of oxygen. There are two types of fermentation, namely lactate acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells and lactobacillus sp bacteria, while alcohol fermentation occurs in the yeast or yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Lactate acid fermentation is a glucose fermentation that produces lactate acid Lactate acid fermentation begins with glycolysis that produces pyruvate acid then continues with the change of pyruvate acid to lactate acid

In lactate acid fermentation, pyruvate acid reacts directly with NADH to form lactate acid. The final result is 2 lactate acids + 2 ATP + 2 NADH.

In the fermentation of alcohol, pyruvate acid is changed to ethanol or ethyl alcohol This stage occurs through two steps of reaction, namely the release of CO2 from pyruvate acid which is then changed to acetildehyde The reduction reaction of acetildehyde by NADH turns into ethanol NAD+ which is formed will be used for glycolysis

The final result of this reaction is 2 ethanol + 2 ATP + 2 CO2 And this is the difference between lactate acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation In lactate acid fermentation, the mechanism involves hydrolysis, glycolysis, and reduction While alcohol fermentation, the mechanism involves glycolysis, decarboxylation, and reduction

Lactate acid fermentation occurs in lactobacillus sp bacteria and muscle cells of high-level organisms, while alcohol fermentation occurs in chamyr or ragesaccharomyces cerevisiae, a product produced in lactate acid fermentation of 2 ATP.

and lactate acid while alcohol fermentation produces ethanol 2 ATP and CO2 the process of lactate acid fermentation occurs inside or outside the cell while alcohol fermentation is only in the cell so far you can understand it so that you can understand more let's finish the following example

The first question, given the reaction of the glycolysis stage, we are asked to determine the statement that is in accordance with the reaction To answer it, we remember again the series of glycolysis stages consisting of 9 stages In stages 1-4, the glycolysis process requires ATP Then in stages 5-9, it produces ATP

The glycolysis stage that ATP is needed is in the process of changing glucose to 2 PgAl The number of ATP needed is 2 ATP while the next stage produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH So the correct answer is C

Second question, given the scheme of the fermentation process, we are asked to fill in the parts shown by the letters X, Y and Z The fermentation process in the question is lactate acid fermentation because it only experiences two phases of change Previously we have learned that lactate acid fermentation starts with glycolysis which produces

pyruvate acid then continues with the change of pyruvate acid into lactate acid in the glycolysis stage 2 ADP changes to 2 ATP so the part shown by the letter X is 2 ATP letter Y is pyruvate acid as a result of glycolysis and the letter Z shows lactate acid as the final result of the fermentation

and lactate acid the appropriate answers are ATP, pyruvate and lactate acid

Okay friends, so in this video we have learned about one part of the metabolism process, namely catabolism. Catabolism consists of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. During the aerobic respiration process, 38 ATP is produced with the following ingredients: from the glycolysis process produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH, oxidative decarboxylation 2 NADH,

2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 and in electron transport all reaction results will be converted into ATP so the amount of energy produced is 38 ATP while

in anaerobic respiration, the energy obtained is less than the aerobic respiration. The energy produced is 2 ATP in each glucose molecule and comes from the glycolysis process. Hopefully it can be understood, friends.

That's our discussion about catabolism. For the analysis of anabolism, the video is available. Don't forget to watch the latest videos on our channel. See you in the next video.