BIOLOGI SMA Kelas 12 - Materi Genetik | GIA Academy

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In certain activities, we need documents and personal access such as ID and daily absences that require fingerprints as authentic proof of our ownership. Fingers are used for personal identity because everyone has different fingerprints so that they can differentiate the documents of each individual. Why do everyone's fingerprints differ? It turns out that fingerprints are influenced by the genetic material in our body.

So in this video we will learn about genetic matter, keep watching the video. The genetic matter in our body consists of chromosomes, DNA, RNA, genes, and protein synthesis. We will discuss it one by one.

We start from chromosomes In our body cells, chromosomes are located in the nucleus or core of the cell Chromosomes are a group of chromatin or fine fibers that thicken and shrink when cell division and can absorb color Chromosomes consist of nucleic acids such as DNA, RNA, and protein

Chromosomes have different sizes with a length of 0.2 to 50 microns and a diameter of 0.2 to 20 microns

The structure of the chromosome consists of centromers and membranes. Centromers are round and do not contain DNA. The membranes of the chromosome contain chromatids or chromonema that form a spiral strip. Chromomers are the thickening of chromonema, matrix, and telomeres at the end of the chromosome that keep the DNA from being damaged. In addition, at the end of the chromosome there is also a round-shaped satellite.

Based on its function, the chromosome can be distinguished into body chromosome or autosome and chlamyne chromosome or gonosome Autosome plays a role in determining body characteristics, is diploid, undergoes mitosis and the number is 2 times gonosome while gonosome functions to determine the type of chlamyne, is haploid, undergoes meiosis and the number is half of autosome

Based on the place of the centromer, the chromosome can be distinguished into four, namely: Metacentric, the chromosome that places the centromer in the middle so that it divides the chromosome into two equal long limbs Submetacentric, the centromer is placed slightly in the middle so that the two chromosome limbs are not the same length Acrocentric, the centromer is placed near the end of the chromosome and Telocentric, the centromer is located at the end of the chromosome limb

in our body cells there is a pair of chromosomes that are diploid from the female endocrine or ovum and the male endocrine or sperm chromosomes that pair are called homologous chromosomes homologous chromosomes are chromosomes that have

same or have the same allel locus in the human body cell there are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes consisting of 22 pairs of body chromosomes and a pair of clamin chromosomes so in men the chromosome formula is 22AA + XY and in women 22AA + XX

The writing of the chromosome formula can be observed in the following two organisms in humans have 46 chromosomes of the body cell, the writing is 22 pairs of autosomes and a pair of gonosomes or XX to women and XY to men and 23 chromosomes in the chlamydia cell, namely written 22a + X in the ovum cell and 22a + X or

32a + y in sperm cells while the number of chromosomes in the horse is 64 which consists of 32 pairs in the body cells and 32 in the clamen cells. Well, friends, every organism has a certain and specific number of chromosomes. This is a table of several species and the number of chromosomes it has. Can be understood,

The next genetic material is the gene. Genes are the smallest units of a living creature that contain hereditary substances or can determine the individual's nature. Located in the locus in the chromosome. Genes are made up of proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. The size is between 4 to 8 microns. Genes that contain the same locus in the homologous chromosome are called

for Alel, Alel has the same task or is opposed to a certain attribute. Each gene is responsible for controlling a specific attribute and is usually written in the letter symbol capital letters for dominant character, small letters for recessive character, the arrangement of genes in individuals is called genotype.

Genes have the following characteristics: contain genetic information, each gene has a different task and function, during the process of mitosis and meiosis, genes can produce duplication, determined by a combination of nitrogen-based combinations, play a role in conveying genetic information from the genome to its descendants, regulate metabolism and development.

The third genetic material is DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid DNA is a genetic material inherited from the body DNA is a double helix or double chain DNA can be heterocatalytic or form RNA through protein synthesis and autocatalytic or replicate to produce new DNA

DNA is arranged on many nucleotides so it is called polynucleotides each nucleotide consists of pentose sugar molecules namely deoxyribose phosphate acid, the link of two sugar molecules and nitrogen bases, namely adenine and guanine from the purine group as well as cytosine and

from the pyrimidine group in the DNA chain cytosine or C is always connected with guanine namely G by three hydrogen bonds while adenine A is connected with thymine T forms two hydrogen bonds nitrogen bases form a chain with deoxyribose sugar into nucleosides or deoxyribonucleosides

Nucleoside is combined with phosphate gas to form nucleotides or ribonucleotide deoxy. Some nucleotides are what form DNA molecules. Well, friends, this is a note for the DNA structure according to our explanation earlier. Can be understood, right?

As an auto-catalytic genetic material, DNA can alternate or replicate to form a new DNA that is exactly the same as the original DNA. This replication process takes place in the young cells during the interphase in the mitosis dilation.

DNA replicas consist of three types, namely conservative replicas, the shape of a double helix chain, the old DNA remains and produces a new double helix chain, semi-conservative replicas, the old DNA double helix separates itself and each single pin

the pair dispersive replication chain double helix DNA is broken into segments the segment will form a new segment that will join with the old segment to form a new DNA

The DNA replication process involves several enzymes, namely ligase enzyme, connecting a newly formed DNA single chain, polymerase, combining mononucleotide chains to form a new DNA, and helicase enzyme, which acts to facilitate the opening of DNA or polynucleotide chains into two mononucleotide single chains.

The next genetic material is RNA or ribonucleic acid is a polynucleotide that is much shorter in size than DNA and consists of a single chain or single helix single helix is a single chain arranged on the ribose sugar molecule phosphate glucose and nitrogen base nitrogen base in RNA consists of purine base including adenine

and Guannin and Pyramidine language includes Urassil and Cytosine

Based on the location and function, RNA is distinguished into three types, namely RNA-duty, also known as messenger or mRNA, is a DNA linker with protein, which plays a role in bringing genetic codes from DNA to ribosomes in the form of wet triplets or also known as codons. RNA ribosome or RNA-R is the most RNA, about 80% of RNA contained by a cell.

AR is found in ribosomes and plays a role as a protein structure. RNA transfer or RNAT plays a role in translating the codon found in mRNA into one amino acid and carries amino acids to the surface of the ribosome during translation.

And the last genetic material is protein synthesis. Protein synthesis is the translation of genes or DNA into RNA until it forms a chain of proteins through the transcription and translation process. In short, the sequence of protein synthesis through the transcription and translation process is as follows: The DNA-sensei in the nucleus forms mRNA to bring genetic codes according to the sequence of its nitrogen mass.

mRNA leaves the cell to the ribosome, these two stages are the transcription process tRNA comes to bring amino acids that match the codon or genetic code brought by mRNA tRNA is combined with mRNA in ribosome amino acids will be aligned with the codon so that the protein is formed as expected process 3 and 4 are called translation

This is a table of genetic codes and amino acid types in protein production. Genetic codes are instructions in the form of codes that summarize the types of proteins that will be made and the characteristics of proteins determined by the amount of amino acids.

In the genetic code table, there are three non-sense codons or stop codons, namely UAA, UAG, and UGA. The three codons are the codons to end protein synthesis. In addition, there are also codons that start or start protein synthesis, called start codon. The codon is AUAUG which translates as amino metionine acid.

In the genetic code, there are 20 types of amino acids as follows:

to translate the DNA genetic code into amino acid we need to understand the DNA characteristics DNA has two anti-parallel properties said anti-parallel because DNA is parallel or parallel but the directions are opposite DNA and RNA have 5 and 3 accent ends based on the position of the phosphate nucleus located in the order of atoms

carbon in ribose or ribose deoxy sugar. The DNA sense is a DNA sequence with a direction of 5 to 3 axes that has a sequence or a nitrogen-based sequence equal to mRNA. This sequence is said to be a positive sequence because it has a sequence that is equal to mRNA. Then this sequence is called a coder or coding.

This DNA is not transcribed or printed into mRNA so it is called anti-template. Anti-sense DNA is a DNA strand with a direction of 3^5 or called negative strand. This strand plays a role in transcribing the mRNA so it is called a template.

three accents to five accents based on this DNA strand when the transcription process by the RNA polymerase enzyme the sequence of nitrogen bases in this strand is not the same as mrna so it is said as non-coding

We can observe protein synthesis with genetic code in the following process There is a DNA chain of anti-sensei with a codon like the image To start transcription, the anti-sensei chain must be changed to a sensei chain, namely the sensei DNA chain that is directed 5-accent to 3-accent A will be changed to T

T becomes A, C becomes G, G becomes C. In this process, the change in the language order is the same as the mRNA result of the transcription, except T which is replaced by U. After the mRNA is formed, it will be continued with the translation process by translating the mRNA codon into protein.

UUA codes leucine, GUA codes valine, GCC alanine, AGU serine, and CAA becomes glutamine according to the genetic code table. That's the process of protein synthesis until amino acid is formed. You can understand it, right? So that you can understand it more, let's finish the following example.

first question given statement about protein synthesis we are asked to classify the statement into stages of protein synthesis in general the sequence of protein synthesis is as follows first DNA in the nucleus forms

mRNA second mRNA leaves the nucleus towards the cytoplasm by bringing amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosomes according to the codon in mRNA next amino acid is classified according to the sequence of mRNA codons and finally the stop codon will act as a terminator until the protein molecule is formed so the sequence of protein synthesis stages is number one

4, 5, 2, 3 The correct answer is B

Second question, given the anti-sensei DNA chain, we are asked to translate it into the mRNA codon chain. We know that the DNA chain consists of two chains, namely the anti-sensei chain and the sensei chain that has a mutual nitrogen-to-nitrogen ratio. If the DNA chain is anti-sensei TAG, AGG, CCC, GCT, TTC, CGC,

then the DNA of the Sensei chain is ATC, TCC, GGG, CGA, AAG, GCG. According to our material discussion earlier, the DNA sequence will be transcribed by changing A to U, T to A, C to G, and G to C, so the mRNA chain is UAG, AGG, CCC, GCU,

C, G, C So the correct answer is E Last question Given a DNA chain, we are asked to convert it into an amino acid sequence according to the protein synthesis step Same as the previous question, our first step is to transcript the DNA chain on the question Then the transcription result will be translated into an amino acid or protein sequence The DNA chain on the question is G, T, C A, G, C A, A, A

TGA, TTC, then the transcription results are CAG, UCG, UUU, ACU, AAG. For the translation results to be the name of the protein, we can see it in the genetic code table, so the translation results are glutamine, serine, phenylalanine, treonine, lysine. So the answer is A.

Okay friends, now we know the entire genetic information that determines the characteristics of living beings is stored in the form of genetic material The genetic material includes DNA and RNA DNA is a kind of biomolecule that stores and stores genetic codes of each organism While RNA functions to change genetic information contained in DNA to be used in DNA

to be used in the protein synthesis process in ribosomes DNA segments will form genes that function as metabolism regulators for development and bring genetic information from each individual to its descendants DNA, RNA, and genes are linked to form chromosomes Now you can understand all of this genetic material

That's our discussion about genetic matter Don't forget to keep watching the latest videos on our channel See you in the next video