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Before we go further in learning about metabolism, first of all you must understand about enzymes. Because this enzyme plays a very important role in the metabolism process, both in catabolism and in anabolism. So let's take a look at the explanation of the following enzyme. The science that studies enzymes is called enzymology.
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and the entire component of the enzyme is called the holoenzyme. Holoenzyme consists of two components, the first is called apoenzyme and the second is called cofactor. Apoenzyme is the arrangement of enzymes that are made up of proteins, while cofactor is the arrangement of enzymes that are made up of non-proteins.
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and cofactors are arranged in two types. The first is what is called coenzyme and the second is called prosthetic ligament. Coenzyme is arranged from organic substance, while prosthetic ligament is arranged from organic substance. The enzyme has an active side. The active side is the place where the substrate is bound when there is a reaction, while the other part of the active side is called allosteric.
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Enzymes have several characteristics. The first is that because enzymes are made up of proteins, then enzymes are proteins. Meanwhile, the second is that the characteristics of enzymes are thermolabial, which means they are influenced by temperature. Meanwhile, the third is that they act as a biocatalyzer or to accelerate a reaction. A reaction, if without using enzymes, then it takes a long time.
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But if a reaction uses an enzyme, then the reaction will occur much faster than without an enzyme. The fourth, the nature of the enzyme is specific. It means that the enzyme only works for a certain substrate. The fifth, works back and forth or reversible.
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because the enzyme can act to arrange a substrate or can function to break down a substrate. Next, the enzyme does not react because the role of the enzyme here is only to accelerate the reaction. In addition, the enzyme also functions to reduce activation energy. To break down a substrate,
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then it needs energy called activation energy or free energy. If a reaction without using an enzyme, then it needs energy that is higher than the reaction using an enzyme. Because if a reaction uses an enzyme, then it will reduce the activation energy. So the energy used is much less than without an enzyme.
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Based on how it works, the work of enzymes is divided into two types. The first is the Lock-and-Key theory or what is called the key-lock theory. According to the Lock-and-Key theory, the active side of the enzyme is specific and not flexible.
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then the enzyme form with the substrate form has a specific form until it produces a product that comes from the substrate but the enzyme form or enzyme does not react then the second theory of induced fit or induction matching theory is different from the log nk theory according to this induced fit theory the active side of the flexible enzyme
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Although the shape of the enzyme with the shape of the substrate is not suitable, the enzyme will adjust its shape to the shape of the substrate, so that there is a reaction to produce the desired product. Then there are factors that affect the function of the enzyme. The factors that affect the function of the enzyme are differentiated into several types. The first is temperature.
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because earlier it was mentioned that enzymes are thermolabial. For humans, the optimum temperature for enzymes to work is around 35-40 degrees Celsius, although in certain bacteria there are those capable of reaching 70 degrees Celsius for the optimum temperature. In addition to temperature, there is pH or acidity.
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Enzymes only work at a certain degree of acidity depending on the type of enzyme. Because generally enzymes work at pH between 6 to 8. But there are also enzymes that work in acidic conditions. Like enzymes found in limes, there are pepsin and renin. Then there are also enzymes that are effective only in wet conditions.
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For example, enzymes found in 12-finger enzymes such as trypsin and amylase. Therefore, enzymes that are effective in acidic conditions cannot work in wet conditions. Likewise, if enzymes that work effectively in neutral conditions cannot work in acidic or wet conditions. In addition to the degree of acidity or pH, there is also concentration.
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The concentration here we differentiate into two types, the first is enzyme concentration and the second is substrate concentration. The more enzymes, while the substrate is small, then the reaction will be very fast. Likewise, if the substrate is a lot but the enzyme is small, then the reaction will be slow. The last one is inhibitor or inhibitor.
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We differentiate the inhibitors into three types. The first one is called a competitive inhibitor. Competitive inhibitors will compete with the substrate to contain the active side of the enzyme. So if the inhibitor has contained the active side of the enzyme, the substrate is unable to react with the enzyme. The second one is a non-competitive inhibitor.
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Non-competitive inhibitors do not contain the active side of the enzyme but contain the allosteric part of the enzyme so that it changes the shape of the active side of the enzyme. If it has changed, the substrate cannot react with the enzyme. And the last is called the reverse carrier inhibitor. This reverse carrier inhibitor is actually derived from the product
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the result of the reaction that prevents the active side of the enzyme so that the substrate that will be reacted cannot hold the active side of the enzyme so that there is no reaction that's what is called an inhibitor
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That's the explanation about the structure of enzymes, then the nature of enzymes, how enzymes work, and also the factors that affect enzymes. Next, we will discuss metabolism, both catabolism and anabolism. And make sure you have subscribed to this channel. Thank you.
