Mecanismos de Acción de Insecticidas y su papel en el MIP

4, 3, 2, 1. Muy buenas tardes para todos. Bienvenidos nuevamente a otro live de Academia Rainbow. El día de hoy tenemos la dicha de transmitir para ustedes un tema muy especial que es sobre los mecanismos de acción de los insecticidas y su papel en el manejo integrado de plagas.

for which we have Dr. Edison Torrado, to whom I welcome. Thank you. I know that he doesn't need a presentation, but I do want to tell you that Edison is the general director and founder of the Instituto Entoma and Naturavision.

who is a biologist, entomologist, who has a master's degree in sciences and biology and is a PhD candidate in agricultural sciences with an emphasis in entomology at the National University.

In addition to this, he is a professor at the National University of Colombia. He has been doing this for around 22 years. He has worked in research and development with different companies in Colombia. He has around 30 years of experience in the agricultural sector, in the integration of pests in different crops. This is not time, but do not worry, it is better to start the show.

He is the author of multiple scientific articles, prestigious magazines, he has directed multiple theses, he has edited more than a thousand conferences that are related to the integrated management of clove pests in crops. So for me, it is really an honor to have him back with us.

In advance, I also welcome everyone. We have the presence of people from multiple countries such as, for example, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina, Ecuador, Peru, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, in short, we have quite a few people joining us and nothing, I give you the welcome again and please go ahead with this interesting topic.

Jenny, thank you very much. Thank you and thank you all for the company. Wonderful, wonderful. This topic is a topic that, of course, is very important and increasingly becomes more relevant for what we are going to see in terms of the context. So, when we talk about this situation that we have current with the integrated management of plagues, there are several things that we must consider.

And within these, what is that role that the action mechanisms are really playing? Because currently, according to the Action Committee for the Resistance of Iraqi Insecticide,

There are 37 groups. There is one that came out a month ago, a month and a half ago, which is group 37, and it is an insecticide that is neurotoxic. We are going to see a little about this part, because when I founded the Instituto Entoma, a while ago, I focused it and I am focusing it at this moment to make it an academy, an academy for the integrated handling of agricultural plates, based on that which

that is structured from my point of professional training, which is entomology, which is the study of insects and also of acorns. So all this has led me to that through all this problem that is in agriculture, there are solutions and those solutions are the ones that

we must face them and face them from the perspective of the biology of the plague, starting from this point. So, what is it that I have done? A whole structure, a whole academy based on scientific images, on questions and answers. This is what is called the Socratic method and also something that is simplicity, the explanations that are simple.

So when we are going to talk about chemical control, chemical control has a context and a very important context, and that is that always with any management tool, integrated management of plates, any tool, we are manipulating something. Let's see this context here, and it is: manipulation refers to us generating a response

For example, here the acarophytosoidulus persimilis is being released in a rose crop. So the acarophytosoids are released and the response to this, the impact that is going to have is how these acarophytosoids are going to have an effect on the prey. If I do an application of a manufactured insecticide,

biocentric, a botanical extract, well, I'm also going to have an answer and it's an answer that is related to the

with which this tool is designed. So each one has an impact. In the case of biological control agents, it is to use natural enemies, different species of natural enemies, predators, parasitoids, microorganisms, pathogenic symptoms, to cause an effect on organisms. And so each one, ethological control, physical control, cultural control, and of course chemical control. So now, with chemical control,

What am I manipulating? I am manipulating something, I am generating an impact. So the impact is given by the physiological processes that this one must lead to be affected and they are going to be affected in order to be able to

So,

So, insecticides are molecules from a structural point of view. These are molecules that will help us regulate populations from affecting the physiology of these organisms. So, the molecules that can be represented in this way or in this other way, there are also other ways of representing them, so they are molecules. And these molecules have some characteristics, and that is that

the kinetics or the movement, the movement of these molecules, they give very small spaces, which is the environment where they move. However, what do we do? What we do is take these molecules, generate a whole movement from what is bought in a product that we must use a

and the vehicle is the water. And in this vehicle we can already make the aspersions, do everything that are the applications to get either directly on the biological white or very close, very close to this one, to be able to have that impact. And when I have the impact, I have a result and the result is to regulate the populations of the plague.

Here this concept leads us to what is the active site. And then the question comes, what is an active site? So, look, always when we elaborate questions, we are also generating answers, but here the most important thing is that this will allow us to have the integrative thinking. What is the integrative thinking? That we can join the information that we are obtaining. So, if we say that

Well, insecticides, acaricides, molluscicides, herbicides, fungicides, all this group of molecules, well, they are molecules of chemical synthesis or

They can also be biological, this concept applies to both. So, if the insecticides or the plaguicides are molecules, then what is an active site? So, look, there is a concordance between these two parts. Why? Because the active site is also part of a molecule. It is a part of a biomolecule, in this case, that is inside the insect.

or inside the acar, depending on the arthropod we are talking about. So, here, for example, we have a biomolecule, the DNA. We all have DNA in our cells, and there are chemical synthesis molecules that are much smaller than what would be, for example, the DNA. So, to

understand the concept of the active site, which is the part that interests us the most from the point of view of the interaction of that chemical synthesis molecule with this biomolecule, then we are going to put an example here. This that we are seeing here, which look like ribbons, that is a representation of a biomolecule, and that biomolecule, well, it is a

conjunto de biomoléculas que se llama el canal de sodio dependiente del voltaje. Y esto, ¿dónde se encuentra? Se encuentra en las neuronas. Se encuentra ahí donde está la flecha, en toda esa parte del borde, ahí se encuentran los diferentes canales de sodio que son dependientes del voltaje.

And what characterizes it is that this is a channel and it is a literal channel through which the sodium is going to pass. It is the sodium channel depending on the voltage. So, the sodium is going to pass through there. And here in this channel, pyrethroids are acting.

is also acting the dichlorodifenyl trichloroethane, which is already a product that we know is already out of the market. There are the oxadiacines, indoxacar and there is metaflumicin, which is also another group of insecticides. So all of these are acting exactly on this channel. Now, the

Let's talk about pyrethroids as the model to understand this molecular interaction between the molecule, which would be a pyrethroid, versus the active site, which is the sodium channel dependent on the voltage. So, look, that channel is a...

a place where the sodium is going to pass and this is called voltage dependent because at the moment there is a voltage change, it opens and it also closes. Why does it open and why does it close? It goes to

open and close is to be able to first open so that the sodium passes and the time that takes to be able to open and close is approximately 5 to 25 milliseconds depending on the neuron, that is, for you to be listening to me, for you to be seeing me, more or less, it is happening between 5 and 25 milliseconds,

to be able to give that nervous impulse and at that moment the sodium enters and then it closes and no more sodium will pass. That is what happens in a neuron in a natural way, normal, without intervention of any of any pregnancy, that's what's happening in an insect, it's happening in a in a car. So

This is an interesting point to keep in mind, because when we talk about an insecticide, a pyrethroid in this case, then, for example, the siflutrina, we are going to indicate that it is going to be located in that sodium channel.

and this group of insecticides are called sodium channel modulators depending on the voltage. When we talk about modulating, we are talking about leaving it open for a while and then closing it. But we are going to see that the time it stays open is impressive strong for any arthropod.

Why? Because it will leave it open between 100 to 300 milliseconds, from 100 to 300 milliseconds. Look, that is a much higher time from that 5 to 25. So this leaves it open from 100 to 300 milliseconds. The pyrethroids do that and then the amount of sodium that is going to enter

inside the neuron, it will be much higher than what the organism requires, than what the insect or the acarum requires in this case. So here there is an impact and it is an important impact. So let's see it like this. The excess, that excess sodium that entered the inside of the neuron is going to generate some effects and an effect that is lethal for that organism.

organism, that is, it is lethal. The fact that it is physiologically modified by the permanent sodium intake is going to change the physiology of the whole organism and that is going to lead to a collapse. We are going to see it, we are going to see it step by step. Here we have a trip that is affected by a, by a pyretroid. So let's see, look, there is the whole process, but we are going to do it step by

step by step, we are going to do a dissection of this process, we are going to see what is happening. So, the first thing that happens is that by that opening,

of that sodium channel, when a lot of sodium enters, there will be some changes at the level of other channels, such as the calcium channel, and that calcium channel, which will also generate a great continuity, a high calcium input, will move the acetylcholine vesicles, and there comes all the disorder that that will generate

So, the first thing is a hyper-excitation. So, let's see here, look. This is the hyper-excitation, they are those erratic movements that that animal has. That is the first step. Then, what is going to happen? A blockage of the impulse, of the nerve impulse, is going to occur. The nerve impulse is blocked and then the animal is going to lose mobility. So, the animal is going to lose mobility.

So this is the second step. The first is hyper excitation, then there is a blockage of the nervous impulse and later a paralysis will occur. The paralysis is finally that the animal will not be able to move, only by changing the

from 5 to 25 milliseconds to 100 to 300 milliseconds, of just leaving that channel open. That is, look at the physiological change that is being given, why? By the molecular interaction of the molecule, which is the pyrethroid, in a biomolecule that is the channel or part of the biomolecule that is the sodium channel, depending on the voltage. So the active site is where that molecule interacted and these are the consequences. Of course, it is not a single site,

miles of sites that are being impacted. Then comes a post-traction or inactivity and finally then comes the death of the insect. And look, this is the whole summary of what I just presented here. So look at how important it is to understand the generality, at least of that interaction that will allow us to

So,

as we are mentioning, are affecting, interrupting processes that are vital, vital for that organism and of course, then that will lead to those populations being regulated. So the systems that are being affected by insecticides and caries, then we have one that is at the level of mitochondria, for example, or cellular respiration. What does this mean? That in addition to the nervous cells,

We are going to resume this part of the nerve cells, but talking here about another part of the cell, which in this case is the mitochondria, where cellular respiration occurs. Remember, for there to be cellular respiration, two important things are required. One, carbohydrates, food.

and the other is oxygen, that is why we breathe. Look, when one is walking, when one is walking fast or is running, immediately one gets agitated and begins to breathe faster, faster, faster. Why? Because it is demanding more energy. So to produce energy two things are required. Food and one part of the food has to do with carbohydrates and the other part then has to do with oxygen. And this then affects through insecticides that are

They are called mitochondrial or cellular respiration. This is a larva of a lepidopteran that is killed by an insecticide of this group. There are other insecticides groups that are affecting growth and development processes. Here we recorded, look, we recorded this larva that passed to pupa.

So there is a normal natural growth process of an insect that presents a complete metamorphosis of embryo that is inside an egg or a larva, a pupa and finally an adult is going to emerge. What is sought with this group of insecticides? Here we can say that it is divided into three large groups. There are those that are inhibiting the synthesis of quitine.

where there are difluensuron, tefluensuron, chlorfasuron, lupheruron, among others. There is another group that will act in another part called lipid biosynthesis, it is regulating or modulating lipid biosynthesis. And within these we have spirotetramate, spiromesifen, spirobiclofen, spiropidion,

among others. So there are two groups of insecticides, some that act at the level of the quitina and others of the lipid biosynthesis. And there are other insecticides within these growth and development regulators that are acting at the level of what would be the hormones. There are two important hormones, which is a hormone called juvenil, which allows the arthropod

remains in a state of no change, of no change, of no transformation. And there is the other one, the ebdizona hormone, that when the concentration is modified, then it goes to a more advanced instar. So, what is it that is sought? Change these concentrations and in this way affect that it continues its development. That is why they are called growth and development regulators.

So there we have these three, those that affect the ketine, those that affect the lipid biosynthesis, and those that act at the level of hormones such as the juvenile hormone and the ectisone hormone, modifying the concentrations or inhibiting the action of these hormones. We have another group of insecticides, which are the muscular ones.

The muscles then must reach the muscles, where there are muscles, where the insects have movement. Where there is movement inside, there are muscles. There, for example, we have the leg of this insect and what we did was...

to open this part of the exocuticle and find the muscles of the insects. There we see the muscle fibers. All these images, as I mentioned initially, are generated by the Entoma Institute so that we can understand it in a much more graphic way, which is very important to do it that way. And this is a muscular insecticide.

that is acting then in the part of the muscles. What does this do? What it does is open the calcium channel that is in the muscle cell, there is an excess of calcium input, which are the reanodine receptors, calcium enters and there will be an internal intoxication due to excess calcium inside the muscle cell, but there is a contraction and there is no more relaxation.

And here is, for example, Fluendiamide, Chloranthraniliprole, Cyanthraniliprole, Cyanidiprole, all these insecticides that are also known as bisamides or diamides. And there are two groups, phallic and anthranilic diamides.

There is this other group of insecticides. And finally we have those that are acting at the level of the central nervous system. And these that are acting at the level of the central nervous system are the neurotoxic ones. Let's remember that neurons are under those sensory hairs that we are seeing here in this fly. This is a fly that is Liriomyza huidovrensis. It is a miner. And inside the eyes there are neurons. It reaches inside the eyes.

consider that there is no insecticide that can cross those compound eyes, but they can reach the level of antennas, they can enter through the exoskeleton and reach the nervous system, if they can do it, and as we are going to see now, at the level of legs, that can happen. So, the legs of insects are micro-tongues. When we say micro-tongues, those hairs that you see in this leg of Pregnotripes borax, this is the Gorgojo de los Andes, or White Caterpillar of the Papua,

those legs start to savor, the animal walks and savor, walks and savor. So there is an important income of insecticides. And here, so that we can see this part of what is the central nervous system in insects, here we find in a very interesting way

A chinch, this is the chinch of the rice, it's called Evalus, Evalus y Psylongrisseus. This chinch, by chance, we find that there where the arrow is, there is an acar that is called Stenotarsonemus spinki, which is the acar of the rice. And look what happens when the chinch finds out,

the part of the mechanoreceptors that there is something that is disturbing him, something that is moving. So what does he do? He takes it away. What are we indicating here? Nervous system, which is the nervous system that these insects have. So the central nervous system can be affected by different routes, which can be by direct contact, by inhalation, by ingestion or by tarsal contact. We are going to see all those routes and to specify a little about this. So

we have that there is entry via mitochondrial, that is, cellular respiration, at the level of growth and development regulators, those who are acting at the level of muscles and those who are acting at the level of the central nervous system. So, all this to be able to reach this kinetics, this movement, these molecules, then, that begins in the product, it goes with water, with a

as a mixture, the application is made, it reaches the animal directly or close to it, there must be an entrance route to be able to reach the active sites. And then there are different routes, there is a route that is inhalation and this inhalation route is through spiracles mainly. The spiracles are the places where the insects breathe.

In the case of insects, they are called spiracles, in the case of acarons, they are known as stigmas. The stigma cannot be closed at will, the spiracle can be closed at will. That is an entry route where insecticides can especially arrive, which are neurotoxic.

The ingestion route is the most impactful route that can be for any arthropod. Why? Because here can enter those who are regulators of growth and development, those who are acting at the level of mitochondrial, neurotoxic, at the muscular level. This is the route when we are with our students at the university level or within the courses that we do in Entoma, we have very important practices and it is to recognize

in vivo and live with insects that are archetypes or models in which we explain everything that would be the intestine. Insects have three intestines, just like us, an anterior intestine, which is like a stomach, a medium intestine that acts like our thin intestine, which is where there is the absorption of those nutrients. And finally there is a posterior intestine, which is the one that goes towards the evacuation, which is the thick intestine in our case.

The ingestion route then depends on the insects. The insects are either masticators, they consume solids, or they are stinger-sucking.

Only these two ways have or eat solids, take liquids. So, to be able to consume the liquids with insecticide, the insecticide must enter the plant in the case of the chipping pickers. So, that's where the translaminaries are, where the systemic ones that go via silema, those that go via phloema, among others. So,

Look at the importance of understanding the biology of the plague versus the tool to be able to have that interaction. This other route, which is the direct contact route, which is through the exocuticle, and crossing that exocuticle is very important to generate the impact. Where? To any of the active sites that...

are designed, these molecules. Let's remember that there are currently, when we are doing this recording of this video, we are talking about 37 groups that are recognized by the Action Committee for the Resistance of Iraqi Insecticides. The contact

The arctotarsal, as I mentioned, has specialized hairs that are micro-tongues that have a neuron inside, they have a single pore and from there, through this pore, we can say that it is relatively easy or much easier for an insecticide to enter. And in this way, then, we can talk about the impact that the arthropod will have on this path

which would be these micro-linguas. And here we have a model, here we have an example, look, we did the application of a substrate, that white paper that we are placing there, this is an area that is not treated, it is only to show that we place the insect, this is the Pregnotriped Borax, the Gorgovo Los Andes, and the soil, the substrate, if it is applied, then we are going to see that the animal when it walks through the substrate,

because he doesn't eat, he eats leaves, this is an insect that feeds on potato leaves, the larva feeds on the tubercles, and here, just by the fact of walking, they are entering the insecticide. And for this model, and for this group of insecticides, it took approximately 30 minutes, which impacted this population that we are doing the observation there directly. So, well, this leads us to...

It is important to have this question in mind. Really, what is that role that insecticides have or the mechanisms of action of insecticides within what is the integrated management of the integrated management of pests? So let's remember the following. Here is something very important. We all know it, but let's go to

to refresh this concept a little bit. Integrated Plague Management is a strategy. We become chess players because we begin to accommodate within the design of Plague Integrated Plague Management programs, what tools we have and they are the tools that you have at hand. They are not the ones that are designed in Japan, they are not the ones that are designed in the United States, they are not the ones that are designed in other countries, no.

What do you have at hand in your farm? What is your budget giving you? What do you have in your arsenal to regulate the populations? Based on what? On chemical control, physical control, ecological control, cultural control, chemical control by biochemical synthesis. So what do you have at hand? And this is what is going to lead to

to understand that the integrated management of pests has four important pillars. And the pillars are based on what? The first is the species. All management is done on species, all of them. One thing is that you have different species and that somehow the tool is transversal to different species. That is different. But all the management and registration is by species.

What do we need to know about the species? We need to know the life cycle and biology. And knowing the life cycle is very, very important because, let's see now, in terms of what would be the management of the resistance, how to understand the life cycles becomes something important. So, I know what the species is, I know the biology of the species, and that is something that at the Instituto Entoma we have taken care of in a very special way, and it is

conocer en profundidad la biología de las plagas. ¿Para qué? Para poder diseñar todos los programas de monitoreo o de seguimiento de poblaciones

Why? Because you have to know where to locate them. If we are talking about a TRIPS, then the TRIPS, both adults and nymphs, are in the air part, but if you are going to evaluate pre-pupas and pupas, you have to evaluate them on the ground. If you are going to evaluate epidopter larvae, you are going to find them in the crop, but if you are going to capture...

adult, well, there you have to look for other types of strategies. Look at the monitoring or follow-ups, because they also have a base, an important base. And finally, all the tools come, the integrated management tools that are the ones that interest us to be able to carry out this strategy. And this strategy, this decision that is taken, are decisions in hot. When we say in hot, it is the closer it is,

that monitoring that I did and I make a decision, the decision has to be very close to that population. Hence, artificial intelligence at this moment begins to have an important relevance in monitoring based on the information that I get now, at this moment, I must act now. Because if you make decisions two, three, five days later,

populations have changed, they have increased, they have changed their development status. That's why these hot decisions become something important. So, all these tools to regulate populations are the ones that will facilitate the decrease of these populations that are plague and that will have an important impact.

To recap, the molecules, remember, are designed to be located in the active site. When they are designed, they are designed by biochemicals, by chemists, by engineers, by a whole group of professionals, because they are designed so that they can affect a physiological process. And there is a molecular interaction. The chemical synthesis molecule

versus the active site, which is a biomolecule, that is, molecule, molecule. In the latter, it is that. Part of the molecule, which is the chemical, versus a part of the other biomolecule, which is the active site. So, there is an impact. So, now...

Look, here comes something and it is the role that it really has, because it is to regulate populations, but regulating the populations of the pests, then it will lead us to have a whole prevention strategy and management of the resistance. Why? Because the pests have pressures

de selección basados en el alimento que ya se están consumiendo. Para poder que una plaga se pueda alimentar de una planta, tiene que derribar las defensas tanto físicas de la planta como químicas de la planta. Cuando hacemos la aplicación de un plaguicida,

There are, within the population, there are individuals who have genes that can detoxify or that can not facilitate the molecule to reach the active site. Because there are four resistance mechanisms, a resistance mechanism that is metabolic, physiological, change of behavior and thickening of the exocuticle. Any of these can operate.

Now, the management of the resistance at this moment is already very well studied in this part and it is to divide it by windows. What is a window? A window can be related to the phenological stage of the crop. A window can also be defined by life cycles when they are synchronized with the pests. So what is it that is sought?

que haya una un programa de rotación basado en mecanismos de acción, es decir, de esos 33 grupos, lo que está disponible, lo que usted tiene disponible en su predio, en su finca, entonces, pues,

Well, that's what you have to get into to handle, to look for all those rotation programs. And here comes something important and they are the life cycles. When we talk about life cycles, life cycles are of great importance because the most important thing when you do an application or some applications that are called in Tandem or in blocks, the idea is that you can apply in blocks one week, the next week and

and the idea is that you are not going to touch different generations. When we talk about generations, what do I mean? When you make an application, you are affecting the parents, those who are there are called the parents. That is the first application of an insecticide. The next application, you may be affecting

to those same parents or new ones that arrived, but it can also be affecting the children of these. So there are already two generations. If you do a third, a third application, a fourth, a fifth, you can be affecting the grandchildren and great-grandchildren. As the resistance is genetic, it means that it is inherited. Therefore, that is to inherit.

is what will facilitate that these populations, when a plague is applied to them, look, for a population that is resistant or an individual, let's talk about an individual that is resistant,

when an insecticide is applied and it is not going to impact it because it is resistant, you should realize that you went out into the street and there is a small breeze of something, of the rain, a normal rain, where you say, ah, this is not, this is not what we call here a scarecrows, we call it here in Colombia.

So you leave without any problem. Look, it's exactly the same. The plague doesn't even realize that there is insecticide. So what's going to happen? That these individuals are going to pair with other individuals who are resistant or the new ones that arrive. And that's why the populations are going to increase. We at the Instituto Entoma, we have...

This downloadable is the downloadable of the life cycle. Here we have different life cycles of thrips, of red spiders, of white flies, and we are going to continue to raise more life cycles because we know the importance that it is for all of us to understand the life cycles.

If we are talking about acarons that pass through the egg, the embryo, the larva that comes out, which is the one that has three pairs of legs, then a quiescent, then an active quiescent, active quiescent and then adult, male and female. So, well, each one, each plague has its different states of development and its times. Therefore, this is important that we keep it very present.

Now, what else do we have when we talk about the role of insecticide action mechanisms within the agroecosystem that we have? Well, here comes something, and it is the coexistence between pests and pollinators, but also not only pollinators, but also the pollinators.

natural enemies, in this case, they would be entomophagous, those that feed on other parasites and predators, so that coexistence will lead us to understand, and in the case of pollinators, that there are pollinators that are wild, and there are pollinators that are already part of commercial

que van a llevar a que haya una mayor producción. Colmenas, se rendan colmenas para poder que se incrementen las producciones. Por lo tanto, esto se vuelve también importante porque debemos tener allí una responsabilidad para producir

So, when we do the applications with

with insecticides and pesticides, we are generating an impact on populations. We are regulating plague populations and we also have a responsibility because those active sites that are acting on the plagues can also be affecting other natural enemies of these plagues or beneficial, as in the case of pollinators. This becomes something

of very high impact so that we can all locate these tools in a special way and in this way we will have success in production, which is the most important thing. So with this we finish this presentation

where the mechanisms of action of insecticides do have an important role in the integrated management of pests. And look, more and more at this moment, if we take into account that there is a release of tools from the old guard, tools from the old guard, we are talking about, for example, the case of Carbamato, Cipronil, here in Colombia, it is already prohibited. That was already until this year, until February of this year, it was only

It could end all the existences of what was there, it can no longer be sold. This due to the impact on pollinators. And the same is the case of chlorpyrifos, which also came out of the market. And so changes are going to happen, important changes that are going to lead us to what? To that new tools are going to enter and these new tools are going to require a knowledge and a much deeper knowledge in terms of the biology of pests and

by knowing the biology of pests, well, the species, the biology of pests, monitoring and tools, we will have much more success, which is what we are all looking for. So thank you very much, really, I am highly grateful to you for this accompaniment.

There are my contact details for those who want to contact me. You can also contact us here with Rainbow. I want to thank Jenny for being very impressed with all this organization that you have in Rainbow through the company.

Thank you very much.

No, Edison, we are grateful to you. It is really a pleasure and an honor to have you always with us. I encourage all the people to start the questions that you have for Edison. I am reminding you, or I am

I am telling you that those people who are connecting with us through their computer, their laptop, there is a QR code that will take them to the academy page where they can visualize all this information so important for us. For others, they can connect through rainbowagrolatam.com.

and you can look for the Academy part. The registration is totally free, it's free, you have access to some quite interesting content like the ones we are showing you right now. As I repeat, we can start some questions, Edison, if you allow us. Go ahead, everyone. Let's start, please, get ready, we have to take advantage of this man, please, who has a lot of knowledge for us. Thank you.

So, one of the questions we have here is when we talk about active sites of neurotoxic insecticides, what do we refer to? Whether it is biomolecules or neurons, please. Oh, great, great question, because the neuron is a cell. I mean, let's say we're going to build a house, a big house, and the active site would be the cell.

We can say that the door where the molecule is going to interact with the specific active site, which is the biomolecule, is the plate. When you put the key, it would be the key that enters a part of the, enters the lock.

And now that would be the active site. Look at the neuron. The neuron is the whole house, that is, it is a cell. That is, the neuron is not an active site. So what is the active site? It is a part of a biomolecule. We can say that the biomolecule is the door and that the site exactly where that molecule is going to interact is that key.

So, that key enters a part, look, it doesn't enter all, it enters only one part. Look, when you break the key, one remains, one remains serious, you can't even open the door. So, it's exactly the same. So, it's that little part that allows us to open. Because you can enter in another way, you can open the window, you can enter by letter. So, look, there are different active sites. And here, the question is great, because...

I was counting the active sites that there were, I did that exercise recently and there are 28 active sites, 28 active sites where different neurotoxic insecticides enter, of course in a neuron. Do you know how many there are in a muscle cell? One only, which are the receptors of ryanodine, only one in the muscle cell and 28 in a neuron.

From there the number of insecticides in this group. To continue, David asks us where we could find the informatics of the updated or oriented FRAC to these action mechanisms. I imagine it's like... I didn't understand, the FRAC? The informatics of the FRAC.

-Ah, no, no, Iraq, yes, yes. -It's like the... -Iraq. -The one in Iraq. -Yes, yes, correct. -Because the phragm... -It's normal. -Of course, no, it's fine. -I agree, it's the herbicide. -The phragm of herbicides, the HRAC is herbicides, and the IRAC, or the IRAC, as we call it, is insecticides. There's... In fact, there's an app, an app that I recommend to everyone.

So that, let me, I'm going to look for it here, I have it, it's for Android and for, what did it do to me? It left me, see?

¿Le cambiaron el icon o qué? Bueno, ya ni la veo. Ah, sí, ya aquí la encontré. La encontré, que es esta. Entonces, esta, miren, así, así se escribe, y aquí están todos los grupos, todos los grupos IRAC. Y está el último, que es este, que es el grupo 37 IRAC, que son las oxazosulfite.

-

Exactly. Max asks us how non-nicotinoids affect nicotinic receptors. Ah, okay, that's it.

The nicotine receptors of acetylcholine are considered as mimics or imitators. So, what does this do? They are located in very similar places to where acetylcholine is located. And then...

compete for the location of the acetylcholine. I'm going to put it here in these terms so that we can understand it in a very simple way. Let's remember that in

where most of these insects are acting, and especially at the neurotoxic level, we are talking about opening channels, closing channels, or blocking channels. They block channels, they open channels. Or they can be affecting enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase, which is an enzyme that is also part of everything that is the nervous impulse in animals. So, this sodium channel

para poder que entre, estamos hablando de dos canales de sodio para que lo recapitulemos. Hay un canal de sodio que se llama el canal de sodio dependiente del voltaje, que es donde actúan los piretroides, ese podemos decir que es presináptico, o sea, es antes de que, de,

the neuron ends. Then comes a space called the synapse, which is a space in which it has a liquid called the lymph, and then the other neuron begins. The neurons never touch. These neurons never touch. They are already swimming in a liquid called the lymph. So,

What happens? From this neuron to this other neuron there is a communication, but it is chemical. Inside it is electrical, that is why it is called a sodium channel depending on the voltage, because it depends on that voltage that is internal. When the information is going to pass from this neuron to this other neuron, then there is a communication that is called chemical communication through the synaptic winding, that's how it's called, synaptic winding.

The important thing here is that in order for sodium to enter from this neuron to this other one, then when that sodium enters the other neuron, then the channel must be opened. That sodium channel is no longer dependent on voltage. This one, in order to be opened, requires a neurotransmitter, a biomolecule called acetylcholine, and that acetylcholine is located in the sodium channel and the channel is opened.

of the other neuron. Where do the neonicotinoids are located? They are located there. They are, in some way, imitators of that acetylcholine. So, of course, what is going to happen? The channel opens and then it will enter the other neuron, it will enter sodium, sodium, sodium, in a way, that is a continuous entry of sodium.

And what is going to happen? That the acetylcholinesterase that acts only, takes the acetylcholine and separates it in two, in acetic acid plus choline, well, it will no longer be able to act because it no longer acts on the insecticides. It cannot break that molecule. Therefore, the channel will remain open permanently and that is where the insect or the acarum will be affected. There are a lot of questions. I'm going to continue with another one.

Ok, if there is an example, an alcohol, and then there is going to be insecticide. So, what is a pro-insecticide? That the product that you buy, that is, you sell a product in a container, in a jar, this is a pro-insecticide because here it is still not insecticide.

When does it become insecticide? When it enters the plant, depending on the insecticide, or it enters the plant and there it becomes insecticide. Or the other is that the insect enters and becomes insecticide. That is what is called a pro-insecticide.

Thank you very much Edison. Here Christian asks us what strategy can you provide us for control, let's see if I say it right, of the CytoTrips, the CytoTrips dorsalis in the onion crop. CytoTrips dorsalis in the onion crop? Or of arándalos too? Of course, that's the famous yellow Trips, but well, I know that Trips is a Trips, let's say the Trips of fashion.

Franklera occidentalis will never go out of fashion, right? Tryps dorsalis, they call it the yellow menace, it's a tryps that, look, if we talk slightly about this tryps, the characteristic it has is that if a, we can say that if a female of Franklera occidentalis measures 1.5 millimeters and 1.5 millimeters is small, this other one measures approximately 0.9 to 1, that is, it is

Much smaller, it's almost like a third part, no, no, what? 1.1 millimeter, from 1.5 to 1.9 millimeter. It's much smaller, it has some changes in a different biology, remember that they are two very different species.

One thing is Franklin occidentalis, another thing is Franklin panamensis, another thing is trips palmi, trips tabas, trips dorsalis, each one has its characteristics. So what does this aggressive species do? For example, the pupas apparently do not go to the ground, but they stay on the plant, they have shorter life cycles, they have characteristics of neutralizing the chemical defenses of the plants in a slightly different way.

a little different or different from what the other species have. So here comes, here comes, and talk about management strategies, then here I come back and play and it is,

Everything that is available, like chromatic traps, what are meshes, well, in the case of onion in the field, there are no meshes, but within greenhouses, they are looking for much more closed meshes. This changes, modifies the greenhouses. We are talking about groups of insecticides, because here we would have to start reviewing which groups of insecticides would be acting.

And here the most interesting thing is, taking into account that they are small,

Most of the insecticides that are being effective are those that manage to enter the plant. That is, that in some way they are either translaminous or they enter via systemic, but the most important thing is that they must arrive, if we are going to talk about the leaves, they must be mesostemic. Remember that mesostemia is moving through the mesophyllum, and through the mesophyllum is through the leaf's lamina.

inside the eye. And there are two routes, one called apoplastic, another called without plastic. What are we talking about? That he or she crosses the cell, gets inside the cell, which is without plastic, or moves around the cell.

What we are saying is that the insecticides that have the most impact at the level of certain trypsidops are the ones that are going to enter the plant because as the trypsids are so small, impacting them by direct contact mode is not that easy. So that is one of the strategies. Of course, there are many more that we can talk about at another time.

And the importance of what you were talking about, of really knowing which species is affecting us, how this biology is, it is super important to have it clear to be able to carry out the strategies. We have a lot, let's see how many we can reach, excuse me those who do not achieve it, but there is a lot that I love. Let's say there are two questions that relate to the location for control, so we have one from Freddy who asks us that in the case of an insect that eats the root,

How could it be viable to repel it to exterminate it? And we have another one that is similar, well, not similar, but it asks us about the thrips, that if it is better to handle them on the ground or on the plant. It's a question from Gabriel.

Ok, that's it. So we're going with that one, which is also interesting. At the level of soil pests, and if we talk about soil pests, we would be talking about blind chickens for Central America. We know it here as Chisas, Mohohoi, Kutso, they call it in Ecuador, in Peru they also have those names. Well, there are other names, soil pests are very difficult. They are very difficult from the point of view of having to get it just outside

It's not that easy. There are some techniques, but the other is to make applications that go and that go directly to the lower part of the plant. There are very few insecticides that achieve this. There are some groups that seem interesting to me, which are lipid biosynthesis regulators, which I think are actually working.

And the applications in Drench in this case would be the ideal. The other thing is that here,

casi que los insecticidas comienzan a tener un papel secundario o complementario a un grupo de enemigos naturales que son muy interesantes, que son buscadores activos, que son los nematodos. Los nematodos tienen esa ventaja, que los nematodos se desplazan y ahí ellos sí pueden llegar a encontrar a estos insectos que están en la parte superior.

Well, already internal, which are hypogeums. Remember that there are two plagues, the epigenetic ones that are above and hypogeums, those that are below the substrate. Getting to that part is not so easy. However, we have found

that nematodes are good and there is a pathogenic entomopathic fungus that I find very interesting, which is Metarhizium anisopliae. Why Metarhizium anisopliae? Because Metarhizium anisopliae has enzymes that are sterazes and chitinases that are designed more for soil pests, that is,

The soil insects are also armored, but these fungi have somehow managed to destroy part of those defenses. And there are also bale sap, there are others that can act. In short, these are difficult pests to achieve.

and you have to look for more natural enemies that can arrive. Nematodes are good because they are active seekers, they move until they find them and they can enter via spiraculus, via anus. There are some nematodes that have a strategy that they put themselves as a form of an S and pass an animal of these and they penetrate it and they can affect it. Let's go to the other question, TRIPS at the air level or at the soil level.

Well, at the level of soil, that is a strategy that we are already looking at much more. The air part is still also interesting. What is recommended for the part of the soil? It is that the applications of the insecticides that can be, they should be contact insecticides because the pre-pupas and pupas of the thrips

they don't feed and the displacement is very slow, they are very short, very small displacements. They are located in cracks, more or less, the crack, to the bottom, can be two centimeters or to the surface. If there is a crack of three, four centimeters, there they will give. That is, the more cracks there are, the more they will hide. But the most interesting thing here is that the applications in Drench,

From my point of view, they are losing money. They are throwing the money in the trash. Why? Because the trips do not, they do not locate themselves here at the base of the plant. Of course, some will locate themselves at the bottom of the plant. But look, if this is a plant, then the trips will not walk here and go down here. No, the trips arrive and they jump. So when they jump, they will stay on the plateau, they will stay at the bottom. They can stay 10, 20 centimeters where the branches are. There they

project down 90 degrees and there they can be located the tips then what you have to do applications as if they were applying a herbicide that is to say the fan for what to impact it with what with insecticides that are of direct contact mainly but there are also the nematodes and there are the fungus in tomopathogens that it seems to me that it has a very important action because

because the pathogenic fungi adhere and enter via direct contact. But here there is also an interesting trick and it is the location of traps, like blue traps for capture, located on the surface of the ground. Why? Because when the thrips come out, they come out hungry and they are going to look for food. The food is green, the leaves are green.

but the green is represented by the blue and yellow and the blue color serves to capture those trips that are going to go out hungry and they are going to crash into a trap with glue. Ok, so here we have another question. What is the biggest challenge that is had at the time of making an application?

Wow, great. The biggest challenge is retention. Let me explain. When you do an application, there must be a nebulization, a drop size that allows for good coverage. Ideally, of course, there should be a co-helper that helps the drop to have a greater surface coverage. But let's remember that

One thing is to reach it, you can do it with a micro-aspiration, it reaches the animal, to the surface, which can be on the animal or close to where the animal is.

But the second one comes, which is very, very important, and it is retention, which is the adhesion of that drop so that it does not fall. When the drop falls, we would be talking about an endodermis. The endodermis is that it falls due to gravity and it is going to be located where I do not need it, below in the substrate. The exodermis is when the wind carries it.

For me, that is the biggest challenge. And more if we have white flies that are in the nest, red spiders that are in the nest, thrips that are hidden in the nest or in the flowers. So, look, that's where knowing the plague, the species, knowing the biology of the plague, begins to be very important, but also knowing the tool and how I leave that tool on the animal or near the animal.

We did it at the Instituto Entoma. Nothing works by teleportation. I apply here and it will work for me on this other side. No, that doesn't happen. There has to be an interaction, there has to be a convergence.

Well, I think we're going to ask the last question. I would never want to end, but we're going to ask the last question. And it is, it seems to me, it is super interesting, very important also for us who are dedicated to this issue of active substances, of agrochemicals, and it is how we manage the issues of residuality in issues of beneficial biological agents. I imagine that how can that interaction or that...

Yes, that's right. We are talking about coexistence or we can talk about what would be the compatibility of chemical control tools with natural enemies. So here the companies that sell this type of products have some lists.

and active ingredients lists and the moments of release. So, what is required here? It requires that you have knowledge of what is that residuality based on those natural enemies. There are lists and this is already there. All the companies that sell natural enemies have them, they have them on their websites.

If for some reason you can't find them, write to Rainbow, I'll get all that information to you, where you can find them. In fact, I was reviewing some books and there's important information about that compatibility.

When we talk about residuality, we are talking about something that is very, very important and especially we would be talking about groups of insecticides that are not, that in some way are neither translaminous nor systemic.

Why? Because remember, we do the application, the water evaporates and the active ingredient with all the co-adjuvants or everything that is around it will stay on the surface. When an animal is released, a predator, a parasitoid, because it is going to walk, they also have those micro tongues in the legs and that is where the insecticide is going to enter.

This does not happen frequently, it is with those insecticides that enter the plant. We are talking about all systemic translaminals. Group 4, for example, most of the group 4 where there are neonicotinoids, nicotine, butanolide, mesobionics, all of these have an integration in the plant and therefore they will not be so available for these natural enemies. There are others, we do not have time to name which ones, but what we can say is that

That consideration must be taken, or that first I release and then I apply, or first I apply and then I release, based on what? In that time after the application or before the application to be able to know what that interaction is. It is highly recommended that you visit the pages of the companies that sell biological control agents, predators and parasitoids.

Well, Edison, to close again, I thank you. You know it's a pleasure to have you with us. I know people are just as grateful than I am with your presence. I also remind you that you can enter the Rainbow Academy. It's rainbowagrolatam.com/academia and there you will find a lot of information. This information that Edison is sharing with us and a lot of more information.

And I close and again thank you and invite you all to visit our page and also to continue to accompany us in other Live Up Up.

Thank you very much, Jenny. I'm very pleased with Rainbow for this invitation, for this invitation to the Rainbow Academy. Being part of this academy, it seems to me that it is also a very beautiful experience, thanks to all the participants. I want to give a very special thanks to Leonardo Díaz from the DIVAR company for the organization. They are very organized and this is achieved in a team.

As a team, because we are all part of something that is very important, and it is the protection of crops. We have to go all the way there and that this integrated management of pests is friendly. Thank you very much. See you later. See you later.